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Bandwidth-Immediacy-Social Connectedness Framework for Rural Secondary School's Extended M-Learning Experience

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Title: Bandwidth-Immediacy-Social Connectedness Framework for Rural Secondary School's Extended M-Learning Experience
Language: English
Authors: Ain Arissa Zainuddin (ORCID 0009-0005-7387-6083), Noris Mohd Norowi (ORCID 0000-0001-7420-5867), Rahmita Wirza O. K. Rahmat (ORCID 0000-0002-9168-2451), Mas Nida Md. Khambari (ORCID 0000-0002-7517-9442)
Source: Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn). 2026 20(1):510-522.
Availability: Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. C5 Plumbon, Banguntapan, Yogyakarta, 55198, Indonesia. e-mail: edulearn@uad.ac.id; Web site: http://edulearn.intelektual.org/index.php/EduLearn/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Secondary Education
Descriptors: Rural Schools, Foreign Countries, Electronic Learning, Secondary School Students, Secondary School Teachers, Internet, Interpersonal Relationship, Reaction Time
Geographic Terms: Malaysia
ISSN: 2089-9823
2302-9277
Abstract: Mobility, instant access to knowledge, social interaction, and flexibility in terms of time, location, and pace are just few of the many benefits that mobile learning (m-learning) provides. To build an ideal m-learning platform, a framework acts as a plan that directs the construction of a unified, user-friendly, and efficient m-learning environment. Through the utilisation of Stanford's bandwidth-immediacy matrix as a foundational framework, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of incorporating social connectedness as z-axis in between the bandwidth and immediacy axes by proposing a 3-dimensional matrix called bandwidth-immediacy-social connectedness in blue zone framework, shorten as BISC-B framework. A progressive web application (PWA) called bridging the urban-rural knowledge dissemination and learning gap (BURDLe) was developed with the implementation of BISC-B in order to fulfil the objectives of this study. BURDLe was evaluated for 2 weeks by students and teachers from Bachok, Kelantan, a remote Malaysian district. This study collected data sequentially using explanatory methods. Quantitative and descriptive analysis were used to summarise questionnaire data. Conversely, interviews were qualitatively analysed to validate the questionnaire results. The result of this study has revealed that social-connectedness is a factor that can influence the m-learning experience, along with bandwidth utilisation and immediacy.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1495356
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Bandwidth-Immediacy-Social Connectedness Framework for Rural Secondary School's Extended M-Learning Experience
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ain+Arissa+Zainuddin%22">Ain Arissa Zainuddin</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7387-6083">0009-0005-7387-6083</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Noris+Mohd+Norowi%22">Noris Mohd Norowi</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7420-5867">0000-0001-7420-5867</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rahmita+Wirza+O%2E+K%2E+Rahmat%22">Rahmita Wirza O. K. Rahmat</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9168-2451">0000-0002-9168-2451</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mas+Nida+Md%2E+Khambari%22">Mas Nida Md. Khambari</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7517-9442">0000-0002-7517-9442</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Education+and+Learning+%28EduLearn%29%22"><i>Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn)</i></searchLink>. 2026 20(1):510-522.
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  Data: Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. C5 Plumbon, Banguntapan, Yogyakarta, 55198, Indonesia. e-mail: edulearn@uad.ac.id; Web site: http://edulearn.intelektual.org/index.php/EduLearn/
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 13
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rural+Schools%22">Rural Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+Learning%22">Electronic Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+School+Students%22">Secondary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+School+Teachers%22">Secondary School Teachers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internet%22">Internet</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Relationship%22">Interpersonal Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reaction+Time%22">Reaction Time</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Malaysia%22">Malaysia</searchLink>
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  Data: 2089-9823<br />2302-9277
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Mobility, instant access to knowledge, social interaction, and flexibility in terms of time, location, and pace are just few of the many benefits that mobile learning (m-learning) provides. To build an ideal m-learning platform, a framework acts as a plan that directs the construction of a unified, user-friendly, and efficient m-learning environment. Through the utilisation of Stanford's bandwidth-immediacy matrix as a foundational framework, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of incorporating social connectedness as z-axis in between the bandwidth and immediacy axes by proposing a 3-dimensional matrix called bandwidth-immediacy-social connectedness in blue zone framework, shorten as BISC-B framework. A progressive web application (PWA) called bridging the urban-rural knowledge dissemination and learning gap (BURDLe) was developed with the implementation of BISC-B in order to fulfil the objectives of this study. BURDLe was evaluated for 2 weeks by students and teachers from Bachok, Kelantan, a remote Malaysian district. This study collected data sequentially using explanatory methods. Quantitative and descriptive analysis were used to summarise questionnaire data. Conversely, interviews were qualitatively analysed to validate the questionnaire results. The result of this study has revealed that social-connectedness is a factor that can influence the m-learning experience, along with bandwidth utilisation and immediacy.
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  Data: EJ1495356
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 510
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Rural Schools
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electronic Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Secondary School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Secondary School Teachers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Internet
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      – SubjectFull: Interpersonal Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Reaction Time
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Malaysia
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Bandwidth-Immediacy-Social Connectedness Framework for Rural Secondary School's Extended M-Learning Experience
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