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Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the E-Sports Attitude Scale

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Title: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the E-Sports Attitude Scale
Language: English
Authors: Yunus Emre Karakaya (ORCID 0000-0002-9858-2103), Seda Demir Ayçiçek (ORCID 0000-0003-4230-5593), Selahattin Gelbal (ORCID 0000-0001-5181-7262), Sebahattin Devecioglu (ORCID 0000-0002-8205-295X), Fazilet Özge Mavis Sevim (ORCID 0000-0002-4120-5374), Emin Tamer Yenen (ORCID 0000-0003-2359-3518), Melih Dikmen (ORCID 0000-0001-7015-6236)
Source: International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. 2026 13(1):308-329.
Availability: International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. Pamukkale University, Faculty of Education, Kinikli Campus, Denizli 20070, Turkey. e-mail: ijate.editor@gmail.com; Web site: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijate
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 22
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Psychometrics, Measures (Individuals), College Students, Student Attitudes, Test Construction, Video Games, Computer Games, Athletics, Test Reliability, Construct Validity, Foreign Countries, Universities, Student Characteristics, Males, Females
Geographic Terms: Turkey
ISSN: 2148-7456
Abstract: This study aimed to develop and conduct a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of a scale designed to measure university students' attitudes toward e-sports. The research was carried out using a correlational research design. Two independent samples selected using maximum variation sampling were utilized: 797 students participated in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while 794 students were included in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA results revealed a four-factor structure--socialization, individualization, career, and risks--explaining 64% of the total variance. The CFA supported this structure with excellent model fit indices (CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.06). Reliability analyses demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach's [alpha] ranging from 0.89 to 0.93, McDonald's [omega] between 0.90 and 0.94, and stratified [alpha] (0.94) as well as Revelle's [omega] (0.97) for the total scale. Furthermore, measurement invariance across gender was examined and supported, indicating that the scale functions equivalently for male and female respondents. Additionally, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis based on ordinal logistic regression revealed no significant gender-related item bias, reinforcing item-level fairness. These findings provide strong evidence for the validity, reliability, and fairness of the E-sports Attitude Scale, confirming its suitability for measuring attitudes toward e-sports in higher education contexts.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1496110
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
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  – Url: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ1496110
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the E-Sports Attitude Scale
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  Data: English
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yunus+Emre+Karakaya%22">Yunus Emre Karakaya</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9858-2103">0000-0002-9858-2103</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Seda+Demir+Ayçiçek%22">Seda Demir Ayçiçek</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4230-5593">0000-0003-4230-5593</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Selahattin+Gelbal%22">Selahattin Gelbal</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5181-7262">0000-0001-5181-7262</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sebahattin+Devecioglu%22">Sebahattin Devecioglu</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8205-295X">0000-0002-8205-295X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fazilet+Özge+Mavis+Sevim%22">Fazilet Özge Mavis Sevim</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-5374">0000-0002-4120-5374</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Emin+Tamer+Yenen%22">Emin Tamer Yenen</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2359-3518">0000-0003-2359-3518</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Melih+Dikmen%22">Melih Dikmen</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7015-6236">0000-0001-7015-6236</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22International+Journal+of+Assessment+Tools+in+Education%22"><i>International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education</i></searchLink>. 2026 13(1):308-329.
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  Data: International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. Pamukkale University, Faculty of Education, Kinikli Campus, Denizli 20070, Turkey. e-mail: ijate.editor@gmail.com; Web site: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijate
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 22
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
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  Label: Descriptors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychometrics%22">Psychometrics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measures+%28Individuals%29%22">Measures (Individuals)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Attitudes%22">Student Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Test+Construction%22">Test Construction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Video+Games%22">Video Games</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Games%22">Computer Games</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Athletics%22">Athletics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Test+Reliability%22">Test Reliability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Construct+Validity%22">Construct Validity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Universities%22">Universities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Characteristics%22">Student Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Males%22">Males</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Females%22">Females</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Turkey%22">Turkey</searchLink>
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
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  Data: 2148-7456
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study aimed to develop and conduct a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of a scale designed to measure university students' attitudes toward e-sports. The research was carried out using a correlational research design. Two independent samples selected using maximum variation sampling were utilized: 797 students participated in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while 794 students were included in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA results revealed a four-factor structure--socialization, individualization, career, and risks--explaining 64% of the total variance. The CFA supported this structure with excellent model fit indices (CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.06). Reliability analyses demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach's [alpha] ranging from 0.89 to 0.93, McDonald's [omega] between 0.90 and 0.94, and stratified [alpha] (0.94) as well as Revelle's [omega] (0.97) for the total scale. Furthermore, measurement invariance across gender was examined and supported, indicating that the scale functions equivalently for male and female respondents. Additionally, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis based on ordinal logistic regression revealed no significant gender-related item bias, reinforcing item-level fairness. These findings provide strong evidence for the validity, reliability, and fairness of the E-sports Attitude Scale, confirming its suitability for measuring attitudes toward e-sports in higher education contexts.
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  Data: As Provided
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1496110
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1496110
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    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 308
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Psychometrics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Measures (Individuals)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Test Construction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Video Games
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer Games
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Athletics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Test Reliability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Construct Validity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Universities
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      – SubjectFull: Student Characteristics
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      – SubjectFull: Males
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      – SubjectFull: Females
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      – SubjectFull: Turkey
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      – TitleFull: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the E-Sports Attitude Scale
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            NameFull: Seda Demir Ayçiçek
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            NameFull: Selahattin Gelbal
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              Y: 2026
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