View in EDS

Learning from Success to Disrupt Disparities: Exploring Inclusive Disciplinary Districts in the United States

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Learning from Success to Disrupt Disparities: Exploring Inclusive Disciplinary Districts in the United States
Language: English
Authors: Richard O. Welsh (ORCID 0000-0001-6079-4111), Blaise Joseph, Luis A. Rodriguez
Source: Education and Urban Society. 2026 58(3):404-431.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 28
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Discipline, Discipline Policy, Inclusion, School Districts, Suspension, Racial Differences, Low Income Students, Poverty, Unemployment, Crime, Educational Attainment, One Parent Family, Equal Education, Incidence, School Demography, Racial Composition, Neighborhoods
DOI: 10.1177/00131245251372937
ISSN: 0013-1245
1552-3535
Abstract: Racial inequality in school discipline is an important topic in education. Using nationwide data, this study identifies and examines "Inclusive Disciplinary Districts" (IDDs) in the United States. We use data from the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) that provides district-level data for the years 2011 to 2012, 2013 to 2014, 2015 to 2016, and 2017 to 2018. The results indicate that suspension rates for Black students, the geographic region, student composition, and economic and social characteristics of IDDs differ from those of High Disciplinary Districts (HDDs) and Median Disciplinary Districts (MDDs). The South has a disproportionately lower share of IDDs and higher share of HDDs. IDDs tend to serve a lower proportion of low-income and Black students than HDDs. Income, racial income inequality, poverty and unemployment rates, crime rates, education levels, the proportion of single-mother households and the proportion of Black residents vary significantly across the neighborhoods of IDDs, MDDs, and HDDs. Differences between IDDs and HDDs are similar even when the sample of districts is limited to predominantly Black districts, predominantly Latinx districts, or predominantly low-income districts. There is notable variation in disciplinary outcomes across regions in the U.S and the findings raise concerns about school discipline policies and practices in the South.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1496329
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: eric
DbLabel: ERIC
An: EJ1496329
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Learning from Success to Disrupt Disparities: Exploring Inclusive Disciplinary Districts in the United States
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Richard+O%2E+Welsh%22">Richard O. Welsh</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-4111">0000-0001-6079-4111</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Blaise+Joseph%22">Blaise Joseph</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luis+A%2E+Rodriguez%22">Luis A. Rodriguez</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Education+and+Urban+Society%22"><i>Education and Urban Society</i></searchLink>. 2026 58(3):404-431.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 28
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2026
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Discipline%22">Discipline</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Discipline+Policy%22">Discipline Policy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inclusion%22">Inclusion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Districts%22">School Districts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Suspension%22">Suspension</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Racial+Differences%22">Racial Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Low+Income+Students%22">Low Income Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Poverty%22">Poverty</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Unemployment%22">Unemployment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crime%22">Crime</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Attainment%22">Educational Attainment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22One+Parent+Family%22">One Parent Family</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Equal+Education%22">Equal Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Incidence%22">Incidence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Demography%22">School Demography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Racial+Composition%22">Racial Composition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neighborhoods%22">Neighborhoods</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1177/00131245251372937
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0013-1245<br />1552-3535
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Racial inequality in school discipline is an important topic in education. Using nationwide data, this study identifies and examines "Inclusive Disciplinary Districts" (IDDs) in the United States. We use data from the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) that provides district-level data for the years 2011 to 2012, 2013 to 2014, 2015 to 2016, and 2017 to 2018. The results indicate that suspension rates for Black students, the geographic region, student composition, and economic and social characteristics of IDDs differ from those of High Disciplinary Districts (HDDs) and Median Disciplinary Districts (MDDs). The South has a disproportionately lower share of IDDs and higher share of HDDs. IDDs tend to serve a lower proportion of low-income and Black students than HDDs. Income, racial income inequality, poverty and unemployment rates, crime rates, education levels, the proportion of single-mother households and the proportion of Black residents vary significantly across the neighborhoods of IDDs, MDDs, and HDDs. Differences between IDDs and HDDs are similar even when the sample of districts is limited to predominantly Black districts, predominantly Latinx districts, or predominantly low-income districts. There is notable variation in disciplinary outcomes across regions in the U.S and the findings raise concerns about school discipline policies and practices in the South.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2026
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1496329
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1496329
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1177/00131245251372937
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 28
        StartPage: 404
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Discipline
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Discipline Policy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inclusion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: School Districts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Suspension
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Racial Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Low Income Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Poverty
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Unemployment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crime
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Educational Attainment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: One Parent Family
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Equal Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Incidence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: School Demography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Racial Composition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neighborhoods
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Learning from Success to Disrupt Disparities: Exploring Inclusive Disciplinary Districts in the United States
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Richard O. Welsh
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Blaise Joseph
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Luis A. Rodriguez
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0013-1245
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1552-3535
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 58
            – Type: issue
              Value: 3
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Education and Urban Society
              Type: main
ResultId 1