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Improving Critical Thinking Skills through a Flipped Project-Based Learning Model Integrated with Mockup Media and Augmented Reality

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Title: Improving Critical Thinking Skills through a Flipped Project-Based Learning Model Integrated with Mockup Media and Augmented Reality
Language: English
Authors: Sukatiman, Ida Nugroho Saputro, Mochamad Kamil Budiarto
Source: Electronic Journal of e-Learning. 2026 24(1):61-74.
Availability: Academic Conferences Limited. Curtis Farm, Kidmore End, Nr Reading, RG4 9AY, UK. Tel: +44-1189-724148; Fax: +44-1189-724691; e-mail: info@academic-conferences.org; Web site: https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejel/index
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 14
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: High Schools
Secondary Education
Grade 10
Grade 11
Descriptors: Critical Thinking, Skill Development, Flipped Classroom, Active Learning, Student Projects, Simulated Environment, Computer Simulation, Technology Uses in Education, Models, Career and Technical Education, High School Students, Student Attitudes, Student Motivation, Grade 10, Grade 11, Foreign Countries
Geographic Terms: Indonesia
ISSN: 1479-4403
Abstract: The rapid advancement of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 demands that vocational high school graduates possess not only technical expertise but also higher-order thinking skills, particularly critical thinking. However, many learning practices in vocational education remain limited to procedural instruction with minimal emphasis on cognitive development. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Flipped Project-Based Learning (FPjBL) model integrated with mockup and Augmented Reality (AR) media in enhancing vocational students' critical thinking skills compared to conventional learning approaches. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design, namely pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample was grade X and XI students from six state vocational high schools in the Solo Raya area, consisting of 216 students divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group used the FPjBL model with mockup and AR media, while the control group used conventional learning. Data were collected through critical thinking ability tests and learning motivation questionnaires. Data analysis used ANCOVA and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant increase in critical thinking skills compared to the control group (F (1,213) = 104.192, p <0.001, partial [eta-squared] = 0.329). The analysis and explanation indicators showed the greatest increase. Linear regression shows that learning motivation, media perception, and student activity significantly affect critical thinking skills (R[superscript 2]=0.613). These results confirm that integrating Integration Media Mockup and Augmented Reality with FPjBL effectively strengthens students' critical thinking and can be adopted in vocational education curricula to better prepare learners for the complex challenges of Industry 4.0.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1497352
Database: ERIC
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  Data: The rapid advancement of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 demands that vocational high school graduates possess not only technical expertise but also higher-order thinking skills, particularly critical thinking. However, many learning practices in vocational education remain limited to procedural instruction with minimal emphasis on cognitive development. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Flipped Project-Based Learning (FPjBL) model integrated with mockup and Augmented Reality (AR) media in enhancing vocational students&#39; critical thinking skills compared to conventional learning approaches. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design, namely pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample was grade X and XI students from six state vocational high schools in the Solo Raya area, consisting of 216 students divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group used the FPjBL model with mockup and AR media, while the control group used conventional learning. Data were collected through critical thinking ability tests and learning motivation questionnaires. Data analysis used ANCOVA and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant increase in critical thinking skills compared to the control group (F (1,213) = 104.192, p &lt;0.001, partial [eta-squared] = 0.329). The analysis and explanation indicators showed the greatest increase. Linear regression shows that learning motivation, media perception, and student activity significantly affect critical thinking skills (R[superscript 2]=0.613). These results confirm that integrating Integration Media Mockup and Augmented Reality with FPjBL effectively strengthens students&#39; critical thinking and can be adopted in vocational education curricula to better prepare learners for the complex challenges of Industry 4.0.
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  Data: EJ1497352
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 61
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Critical Thinking
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Skill Development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flipped Classroom
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Active Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Projects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Simulated Environment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer Simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Technology Uses in Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Career and Technical Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Motivation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 10
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 11
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indonesia
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Improving Critical Thinking Skills through a Flipped Project-Based Learning Model Integrated with Mockup Media and Augmented Reality
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              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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