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Development and Validation of the Scale for Attitudes towards Generative AI (SAGAI)

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Title: Development and Validation of the Scale for Attitudes towards Generative AI (SAGAI)
Language: English
Authors: Gürhan Durak (ORCID 0000-0003-2944-3713), Semiral Öncü, Serkan Çankaya, Harun Çigdem (ORCID 0000-0001-5958-5216)
Source: European Journal of Education. 2026 61(1).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Attitude Measures, Test Construction, Test Validity, Test Reliability, Computer Attitudes, Artificial Intelligence, Technology Uses in Education, Student Attitudes, Factor Analysis, Undergraduate Students, Anxiety, Scores, Technology Integration
DOI: 10.1111/ejed.70415
ISSN: 0141-8211
1465-3435
Abstract: The Scale for Attitudes towards Generative Artificial Intelligence (SAGAI) was developed to understand learners' attitudes and perceptions towards the use of generative AI technologies in educational settings. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as technology acceptance, planned behaviour, diffusion of innovations and social identity, the scale focuses on capturing attitudinal dimensions--including perceived usefulness, expectancy, competency and anxiety--rather than directly measuring behavioural engagement. The instrument was created through a systematic process beginning with an extensive item pool informed by literature and theory, followed by expert review and pilot testing. Its validity and reliability were examined through exploratory factor analysis with 244 undergraduate students and subsequently cross-validated via confirmatory factor analysis with another sample of 243 students. The analyses resulted in a 23-item scale comprising four distinct factors, each reflecting a different aspect of learners' attitudes towards interacting with generative AI. Findings indicated that students generally held positive perceptions about GenAI's benefits and future potential, although some degree of apprehension persisted, particularly reflected in higher anxiety scores. Overall, SAGAI offers a reliable and valid tool for gaining insights into learners' attitudes, competencies and concerns regarding GenAI's role and integration in education, and its application across diverse contexts may support stakeholders in understanding the broader impact and transformative potential of these emerging technologies.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1497830
Database: ERIC
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gürhan+Durak%22">Gürhan Durak</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2944-3713">0000-0003-2944-3713</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Semiral+Öncü%22">Semiral Öncü</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Serkan+Çankaya%22">Serkan Çankaya</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Harun+Çigdem%22">Harun Çigdem</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-5216">0000-0001-5958-5216</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22European+Journal+of+Education%22"><i>European Journal of Education</i></searchLink>. 2026 61(1).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 15
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  Data: 10.1111/ejed.70415
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  Data: 0141-8211<br />1465-3435
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  Data: The Scale for Attitudes towards Generative Artificial Intelligence (SAGAI) was developed to understand learners' attitudes and perceptions towards the use of generative AI technologies in educational settings. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as technology acceptance, planned behaviour, diffusion of innovations and social identity, the scale focuses on capturing attitudinal dimensions--including perceived usefulness, expectancy, competency and anxiety--rather than directly measuring behavioural engagement. The instrument was created through a systematic process beginning with an extensive item pool informed by literature and theory, followed by expert review and pilot testing. Its validity and reliability were examined through exploratory factor analysis with 244 undergraduate students and subsequently cross-validated via confirmatory factor analysis with another sample of 243 students. The analyses resulted in a 23-item scale comprising four distinct factors, each reflecting a different aspect of learners' attitudes towards interacting with generative AI. Findings indicated that students generally held positive perceptions about GenAI's benefits and future potential, although some degree of apprehension persisted, particularly reflected in higher anxiety scores. Overall, SAGAI offers a reliable and valid tool for gaining insights into learners' attitudes, competencies and concerns regarding GenAI's role and integration in education, and its application across diverse contexts may support stakeholders in understanding the broader impact and transformative potential of these emerging technologies.
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  Data: 2026
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      – SubjectFull: Attitude Measures
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      – SubjectFull: Test Construction
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      – SubjectFull: Computer Attitudes
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      – SubjectFull: Student Attitudes
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      – SubjectFull: Undergraduate Students
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      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
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