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Phonological Outcomes in Children Aged 6-7 Years with Bilateral Cochlear Implants

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Title: Phonological Outcomes in Children Aged 6-7 Years with Bilateral Cochlear Implants
Language: English
Authors: Öznur Orakçı Paslı, Aysenur Kucuk Ceyhan (ORCID 0000-0002-5836-9631)
Source: Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2026 57(1):292-298.
Availability: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: lshss@asha.org; Web site: http://lshss.pubs.asha.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 7
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Young Children, Deafness, Assistive Technology, Phonological Awareness, Language Acquisition, Age Differences, Error Patterns, Phonemes, Accuracy, Speech Communication, Foreign Countries
Geographic Terms: Turkey
DOI: 10.1044/2025_LSHSS-25-00128
ISSN: 0161-1461
1558-9129
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the phonological development of 6- to 7-year-old children using cochlear implants (CIs) and to compare the findings with normative data from typically hearing (TH) children. Method: The study included 30 children with bilateral CIs, aged 6 years (72-83 months; eight girls, six boys; M[subscript age] ± SD = 75.6 ± 2.8 months) and 7 years (84-95 months; seven girls, nine boys; M[subscript age] ± SD = 87.5 ± 2.9 months). Phoneme production and phonological process use were evaluated using the Bankson-Bernthal Test of Phonology. Data were analyzed for phoneme accuracy, types and frequencies of phonological processes, and differences by age group. Results: A total of 891 speech sound errors were identified, with 22 phonological processes suitable for statistical analysis. In the 6-year-old group, the most common process was dentalization (92.9%), while in the 7-year-old group, it was cluster simplification (87.5%). Although not statistically significant, the 7-year-old group showed fewer speech sound errors and used fewer processes than the 6-year-old group. Children with CIs made the most errors with trills, fricatives, and affricates, and the fewest with bilabial consonants (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that children with CIs can follow a phonological development sequence similar to their TH peers, although more slowly and with more errors. The fewer speech sound errors and processes seen in the 7-year-olds suggest that the system becomes more organized as hearing age increases. Process similarities between CI users and TH children highlight the benefits of early implantation and advanced CI technology.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1499065
Database: ERIC
FullText Links:
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  Data: Phonological Outcomes in Children Aged 6-7 Years with Bilateral Cochlear Implants
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Öznur+Orakçı+Paslı%22">Öznur Orakçı Paslı</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aysenur+Kucuk+Ceyhan%22">Aysenur Kucuk Ceyhan</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5836-9631">0000-0002-5836-9631</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Language%2C+Speech%2C+and+Hearing+Services+in+Schools%22"><i>Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools</i></searchLink>. 2026 57(1):292-298.
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  Data: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: lshss@asha.org; Web site: http://lshss.pubs.asha.org
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  Data: 7
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Children%22">Young Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deafness%22">Deafness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Assistive+Technology%22">Assistive Technology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonological+Awareness%22">Phonological Awareness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Acquisition%22">Language Acquisition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+Differences%22">Age Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Error+Patterns%22">Error Patterns</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonemes%22">Phonemes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Accuracy%22">Accuracy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech+Communication%22">Speech Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1044/2025_LSHSS-25-00128
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  Data: 0161-1461<br />1558-9129
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the phonological development of 6- to 7-year-old children using cochlear implants (CIs) and to compare the findings with normative data from typically hearing (TH) children. Method: The study included 30 children with bilateral CIs, aged 6 years (72-83 months; eight girls, six boys; M[subscript age] ± SD = 75.6 ± 2.8 months) and 7 years (84-95 months; seven girls, nine boys; M[subscript age] ± SD = 87.5 ± 2.9 months). Phoneme production and phonological process use were evaluated using the Bankson-Bernthal Test of Phonology. Data were analyzed for phoneme accuracy, types and frequencies of phonological processes, and differences by age group. Results: A total of 891 speech sound errors were identified, with 22 phonological processes suitable for statistical analysis. In the 6-year-old group, the most common process was dentalization (92.9%), while in the 7-year-old group, it was cluster simplification (87.5%). Although not statistically significant, the 7-year-old group showed fewer speech sound errors and used fewer processes than the 6-year-old group. Children with CIs made the most errors with trills, fricatives, and affricates, and the fewest with bilabial consonants (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that children with CIs can follow a phonological development sequence similar to their TH peers, although more slowly and with more errors. The fewer speech sound errors and processes seen in the 7-year-olds suggest that the system becomes more organized as hearing age increases. Process similarities between CI users and TH children highlight the benefits of early implantation and advanced CI technology.
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