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Caring Ethical Climate and Formal Ethical Climate in Schools: Which of These Promotes Motivation and Citizenship Behaviors among Teachers?

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Title: Caring Ethical Climate and Formal Ethical Climate in Schools: Which of These Promotes Motivation and Citizenship Behaviors among Teachers?
Language: English
Authors: Reut Chen Gamliel (ORCID 0009-0002-7629-399X), Orly Shapira-Lishchinsky
Source: Improving Schools. 2026 28(1):147-166.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 20
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Descriptors: Educational Environment, Ethics, Teacher Motivation, Citizenship, Teacher Behavior, Caring, Elementary School Teachers, Principals, School Counselors, Foreign Countries
Geographic Terms: Israel
DOI: 10.1177/13654802251411495
ISSN: 1365-4802
1475-7583
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ethical perceptions and teachers' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), group organizational citizenship behavior (GOCB), and social loafing (SL). The study examined how formal and caring ethical climates serve as motivational factors that promote positive teacher behaviors. The study participants included 878 teachers, 50 principals, and 50 school counselors from 50 elementary schools. The data was analyzed using multilevel SEM. We found that the teachers' perception of both formal and caring ethical climates is positively correlated with GOCB, and that their perception of a caring ethical climate is negatively correlated with their SL. Moreover, the principal's perception of the school's ethical climate was positively correlated with both teachers' OCB and, paradoxically, SL. As for motivation, the teachers' perception of the school's caring ethical climate was found to be positively correlated with extrinsic motivation and negatively correlated with amotivation. These findings lead to the conclusion that principals should lead the development of a clear ethical framework as a mechanism for promoting school effectiveness.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1499932
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Caring Ethical Climate and Formal Ethical Climate in Schools: Which of These Promotes Motivation and Citizenship Behaviors among Teachers?
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Reut+Chen+Gamliel%22">Reut Chen Gamliel</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7629-399X">0009-0002-7629-399X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Orly+Shapira-Lishchinsky%22">Orly Shapira-Lishchinsky</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Improving+Schools%22"><i>Improving Schools</i></searchLink>. 2026 28(1):147-166.
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Environment%22">Educational Environment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethics%22">Ethics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher+Motivation%22">Teacher Motivation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Citizenship%22">Citizenship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher+Behavior%22">Teacher Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Caring%22">Caring</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+School+Teachers%22">Elementary School Teachers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Principals%22">Principals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Counselors%22">School Counselors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink>
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  Data: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ethical perceptions and teachers' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), group organizational citizenship behavior (GOCB), and social loafing (SL). The study examined how formal and caring ethical climates serve as motivational factors that promote positive teacher behaviors. The study participants included 878 teachers, 50 principals, and 50 school counselors from 50 elementary schools. The data was analyzed using multilevel SEM. We found that the teachers' perception of both formal and caring ethical climates is positively correlated with GOCB, and that their perception of a caring ethical climate is negatively correlated with their SL. Moreover, the principal's perception of the school's ethical climate was positively correlated with both teachers' OCB and, paradoxically, SL. As for motivation, the teachers' perception of the school's caring ethical climate was found to be positively correlated with extrinsic motivation and negatively correlated with amotivation. These findings lead to the conclusion that principals should lead the development of a clear ethical framework as a mechanism for promoting school effectiveness.
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        Value: 10.1177/13654802251411495
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 147
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Educational Environment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ethics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Teacher Motivation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Citizenship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Teacher Behavior
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Caring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary School Teachers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Principals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: School Counselors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Israel
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      – TitleFull: Caring Ethical Climate and Formal Ethical Climate in Schools: Which of These Promotes Motivation and Citizenship Behaviors among Teachers?
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            NameFull: Orly Shapira-Lishchinsky
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              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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