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Beyond Connection: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Social Connectedness Scale for Indonesian University Students

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Title: Beyond Connection: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Social Connectedness Scale for Indonesian University Students
Language: English
Authors: Faizah (ORCID 0000-0003-0947-1039), Dewi Retno Suminar (ORCID 0000-0001-5815-4510), Nono Hery Yoenanto (ORCID 0000-0003-1199-6053)
Source: Educational Process: International Journal. Article e2026020 2026 21.
Availability: UNIVERSITEPARK Limited. iTOWER Plaza (No61, 9th floor) Merkez Mh Akar Cd No3, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey 34382. e-mail: editor@edupij.com; Web site: http://www.edupij.com/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 21
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Media Adaptation, Undergraduate Students, Higher Education, Interpersonal Relationship, Content Validity, Collectivism, Cultural Influences, Measures (Individuals), Evaluation Methods
Geographic Terms: Indonesia
ISSN: 2147-0901
2564-8020
Abstract: Background/purpose: Indonesian undergraduates face heightened risks of loneliness, academic stress, and digital-era isolation, yet no student-focused Indonesian adaptation of the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS/SCS R) exists; this study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate SCS and SCS R for Indonesian university students. Materials/methods: Using a cross sectional design, the instruments underwent forward-back translation, expert review with Content Validity Index (CVI), cognitive interviews (n=10), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on screened survey data from Indonesian undergraduates(n=349); reliability was assessed with Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω, and multiple fit indices (CFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR, GFI) guided model evaluation. Results: Content validity was excellent (I CVI=1; S CVI=1), and cognitive interviews supported response process clarity with minor wording refinements; demographics showed no meaningful effects. The 8-item SCS achieved a stronger fit (CFI=0.956, TLI=0.939, SRMR=0.035, GFI=0.995; loadings ≥0.419), while the 20-item SCS R showed marginal fit (CFI=0.866, TLI=0.850) but higher reliability (α=0.879; ω=0.904) than SCS (α=0.823; ω=0.824); both models had RMSEA=0.069. Conclusion: Both SCS and SCS R are valid and reliable for Indonesian undergraduates; SCS offers parsimony and superior model fit, whereas SCS R provides stronger internal consistency, enabling selection by study purpose (screening vs. comprehensive profiling). Future work should test longitudinal/predictive validity, as well as measurement invariance across subgroups and over time, to strengthen generalizability and policy utility in collectivist higher education contexts.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1500429
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
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  – Url: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ1500429
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Beyond Connection: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Social Connectedness Scale for Indonesian University Students
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Faizah%22">Faizah</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-1039">0000-0003-0947-1039</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dewi+Retno+Suminar%22">Dewi Retno Suminar</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5815-4510">0000-0001-5815-4510</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nono+Hery+Yoenanto%22">Nono Hery Yoenanto</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1199-6053">0000-0003-1199-6053</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Educational+Process%3A+International+Journal%22"><i>Educational Process: International Journal</i></searchLink>. Article e2026020 2026 21.
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  Data: UNIVERSITEPARK Limited. iTOWER Plaza (No61, 9th floor) Merkez Mh Akar Cd No3, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey 34382. e-mail: editor@edupij.com; Web site: http://www.edupij.com/
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  Data: 21
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Media+Adaptation%22">Media Adaptation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Undergraduate+Students%22">Undergraduate Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Relationship%22">Interpersonal Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Content+Validity%22">Content Validity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Collectivism%22">Collectivism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cultural+Influences%22">Cultural Influences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measures+%28Individuals%29%22">Measures (Individuals)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+Methods%22">Evaluation Methods</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indonesia%22">Indonesia</searchLink>
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 2147-0901<br />2564-8020
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background/purpose: Indonesian undergraduates face heightened risks of loneliness, academic stress, and digital-era isolation, yet no student-focused Indonesian adaptation of the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS/SCS R) exists; this study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate SCS and SCS R for Indonesian university students. Materials/methods: Using a cross sectional design, the instruments underwent forward-back translation, expert review with Content Validity Index (CVI), cognitive interviews (n=10), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on screened survey data from Indonesian undergraduates(n=349); reliability was assessed with Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω, and multiple fit indices (CFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR, GFI) guided model evaluation. Results: Content validity was excellent (I CVI=1; S CVI=1), and cognitive interviews supported response process clarity with minor wording refinements; demographics showed no meaningful effects. The 8-item SCS achieved a stronger fit (CFI=0.956, TLI=0.939, SRMR=0.035, GFI=0.995; loadings ≥0.419), while the 20-item SCS R showed marginal fit (CFI=0.866, TLI=0.850) but higher reliability (α=0.879; ω=0.904) than SCS (α=0.823; ω=0.824); both models had RMSEA=0.069. Conclusion: Both SCS and SCS R are valid and reliable for Indonesian undergraduates; SCS offers parsimony and superior model fit, whereas SCS R provides stronger internal consistency, enabling selection by study purpose (screening vs. comprehensive profiling). Future work should test longitudinal/predictive validity, as well as measurement invariance across subgroups and over time, to strengthen generalizability and policy utility in collectivist higher education contexts.
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1500429
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    Languages:
      – Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Media Adaptation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Undergraduate Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Higher Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interpersonal Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Content Validity
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      – SubjectFull: Collectivism
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      – SubjectFull: Cultural Influences
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      – SubjectFull: Measures (Individuals)
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      – SubjectFull: Evaluation Methods
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      – SubjectFull: Indonesia
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Beyond Connection: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Social Connectedness Scale for Indonesian University Students
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            NameFull: Dewi Retno Suminar
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