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An Introduction to Inverse Probability Weighting and Marginal Structural Models: The Case of Environmental Tobacco Exposure and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Behaviors

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Title: An Introduction to Inverse Probability Weighting and Marginal Structural Models: The Case of Environmental Tobacco Exposure and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Behaviors
Language: English
Authors: Michael T. Willoughby (ORCID 0000-0002-8470-3533), Siri Warkentien, Erica N. Browne, Lisa Gatzke-Kopp, Daniel Berry
Source: Developmental Psychology. 2025 61(1):195-213.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 19
Publication Date: 2025
Sponsoring Agency: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (DHHS/NIH)
Office of the Director (OD) (DHHS/NIH)
Contract Number: P01HD039667
UG3OD023332
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Early Childhood Education
Elementary Education
Grade 1
Primary Education
Descriptors: Smoking, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Environmental Influences, Grade 1, Young Children, At Risk Persons, Family Environment, Individual Characteristics
Geographic Terms: North Carolina
DOI: 10.1037/dev0001803
ISSN: 0012-1649
1939-0599
Abstract: Developmental scientists routinely examine how a focal predictor relates to some aspect of children's development. Although covariate adjustment is typically used to test hypotheses, propensity score-based methods, including inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and marginal structural models (MSM), can strengthen inference and answer more nuanced, developmentally relevant questions. This article provides a didactic introduction to IPTW and MSM methods and demonstrates their use for testing the impact of environmental smoke exposure (continuous treatment) from 6 to 90 months on parent-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviors in first grade for 1,053 children (51% male, 44% Black) in the Family Life Project. We highlight differences that result both in conclusions and in the evaluation of assumptions for IPTW and MSM relative to more traditional covariate adjustment methods. Sample Stata syntax is provided.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1502245
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: An Introduction to Inverse Probability Weighting and Marginal Structural Models: The Case of Environmental Tobacco Exposure and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Behaviors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Michael+T%2E+Willoughby%22">Michael T. Willoughby</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8470-3533">0000-0002-8470-3533</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Siri+Warkentien%22">Siri Warkentien</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Erica+N%2E+Browne%22">Erica N. Browne</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lisa+Gatzke-Kopp%22">Lisa Gatzke-Kopp</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Daniel+Berry%22">Daniel Berry</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Developmental+Psychology%22"><i>Developmental Psychology</i></searchLink>. 2025 61(1):195-213.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 19
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  Label: Publication Date
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  Data: 2025
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  Label: Sponsoring Agency
  Group: SrcSuprt
  Data: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (DHHS/NIH)<br />Office of the Director (OD) (DHHS/NIH)
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– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smoking%22">Smoking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder%22">Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+Influences%22">Environmental Influences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+1%22">Grade 1</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Children%22">Young Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22At+Risk+Persons%22">At Risk Persons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Family+Environment%22">Family Environment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+Characteristics%22">Individual Characteristics</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22North+Carolina%22">North Carolina</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1037/dev0001803
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  Data: 0012-1649<br />1939-0599
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Developmental scientists routinely examine how a focal predictor relates to some aspect of children's development. Although covariate adjustment is typically used to test hypotheses, propensity score-based methods, including inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and marginal structural models (MSM), can strengthen inference and answer more nuanced, developmentally relevant questions. This article provides a didactic introduction to IPTW and MSM methods and demonstrates their use for testing the impact of environmental smoke exposure (continuous treatment) from 6 to 90 months on parent-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviors in first grade for 1,053 children (51% male, 44% Black) in the Family Life Project. We highlight differences that result both in conclusions and in the evaluation of assumptions for IPTW and MSM relative to more traditional covariate adjustment methods. Sample Stata syntax is provided.
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1502245
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        Value: 10.1037/dev0001803
    Languages:
      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 195
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      – SubjectFull: Smoking
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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      – SubjectFull: Environmental Influences
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      – SubjectFull: Grade 1
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      – SubjectFull: Young Children
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      – SubjectFull: Family Environment
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      – SubjectFull: Individual Characteristics
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      – SubjectFull: North Carolina
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      – TitleFull: An Introduction to Inverse Probability Weighting and Marginal Structural Models: The Case of Environmental Tobacco Exposure and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Behaviors
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