View in EDS

Discriminatory Experiences, Critical Consciousness Development, and Well-Being among Emerging Adults in and beyond the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Discriminatory Experiences, Critical Consciousness Development, and Well-Being among Emerging Adults in and beyond the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Language: English
Authors: Elena Maker Castro (ORCID 0000-0002-7118-6020), Sara Suzuki, Lindsay T. Hoyt, Laura Wray-Lake, Alison K. Cohen
Source: Developmental Psychology. 2025 61(5):875-897.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 23
Publication Date: 2025
Sponsoring Agency: Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) (DHHS)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) (DHHS/NIH)
Contract Number: UA6MC27378
F31MD017135
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Young Adults, College Students, Adult Development, Social Discrimination, Consciousness Raising, Well Being, COVID-19, Pandemics, Anxiety
DOI: 10.1037/dev0001917
ISSN: 0012-1649
1939-0599
Abstract: As part of the developmental stage of emerging adulthood, youth may cultivate critical consciousness (CC) to transform oppressive systems. CC development may be influenced by discriminatory experiences and may affect well-being. To better understand longitudinal CC development and its relationship to discrimination and well-being (i.e., perceived stress, anxiety, hopefulness), we studied a U.S. national longitudinal cohort of emerging adult college students between the ages of 18 and 22 at baseline (M[subscript age] = 20.0, SD = 1.3) who completed four surveys between April 2020 and July 2021 (N = 684). The analytic sample was 63% women and 37% men (gender-diverse participants were removed due to small sample size) and 26% lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer/questioning, and other minoritized sexual identities. Self-identified race/ethnicity backgrounds were 54% white, 20% Asian/Pacific Islander, 9% Latinx, 5% Black, and 10% multiple races/ethnicities and/or as Middle Eastern/North African. We conducted latent profile transition analysis and identified five patterns of CC development, with a minority of participants in two "growth" transition patterns wherein they increased their CC over time. Maintaining higher levels of CC, and especially developing CC, was associated with more prior experiences with discrimination and with concurrent and subsequent higher levels of perceived stress and anxiety. We recommend institutions of higher education and college-based organizations to build well-being practices and structures into CC-raising spaces to support empowering CC development amid ongoing sociopolitical turmoil.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1502424
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: eric
DbLabel: ERIC
An: EJ1502424
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Discriminatory Experiences, Critical Consciousness Development, and Well-Being among Emerging Adults in and beyond the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Elena+Maker+Castro%22">Elena Maker Castro</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-6020">0000-0002-7118-6020</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sara+Suzuki%22">Sara Suzuki</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lindsay+T%2E+Hoyt%22">Lindsay T. Hoyt</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Laura+Wray-Lake%22">Laura Wray-Lake</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alison+K%2E+Cohen%22">Alison K. Cohen</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Developmental+Psychology%22"><i>Developmental Psychology</i></searchLink>. 2025 61(5):875-897.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 23
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: SourceSuprt
  Label: Sponsoring Agency
  Group: SrcSuprt
  Data: Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) (DHHS)<br />National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) (DHHS/NIH)
– Name: NumberContract
  Label: Contract Number
  Group: NumCntrct
  Data: UA6MC27378<br />F31MD017135
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Adults%22">Young Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adult+Development%22">Adult Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Discrimination%22">Social Discrimination</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Consciousness+Raising%22">Consciousness Raising</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Well+Being%22">Well Being</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COVID-19%22">COVID-19</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pandemics%22">Pandemics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1037/dev0001917
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0012-1649<br />1939-0599
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: As part of the developmental stage of emerging adulthood, youth may cultivate critical consciousness (CC) to transform oppressive systems. CC development may be influenced by discriminatory experiences and may affect well-being. To better understand longitudinal CC development and its relationship to discrimination and well-being (i.e., perceived stress, anxiety, hopefulness), we studied a U.S. national longitudinal cohort of emerging adult college students between the ages of 18 and 22 at baseline (M[subscript age] = 20.0, SD = 1.3) who completed four surveys between April 2020 and July 2021 (N = 684). The analytic sample was 63% women and 37% men (gender-diverse participants were removed due to small sample size) and 26% lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer/questioning, and other minoritized sexual identities. Self-identified race/ethnicity backgrounds were 54% white, 20% Asian/Pacific Islander, 9% Latinx, 5% Black, and 10% multiple races/ethnicities and/or as Middle Eastern/North African. We conducted latent profile transition analysis and identified five patterns of CC development, with a minority of participants in two "growth" transition patterns wherein they increased their CC over time. Maintaining higher levels of CC, and especially developing CC, was associated with more prior experiences with discrimination and with concurrent and subsequent higher levels of perceived stress and anxiety. We recommend institutions of higher education and college-based organizations to build well-being practices and structures into CC-raising spaces to support empowering CC development amid ongoing sociopolitical turmoil.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2026
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1502424
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1502424
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1037/dev0001917
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 875
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Young Adults
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adult Development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social Discrimination
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Consciousness Raising
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Well Being
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: COVID-19
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pandemics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Discriminatory Experiences, Critical Consciousness Development, and Well-Being among Emerging Adults in and beyond the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Elena Maker Castro
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Sara Suzuki
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lindsay T. Hoyt
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Laura Wray-Lake
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Alison K. Cohen
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0012-1649
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1939-0599
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 61
            – Type: issue
              Value: 5
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Developmental Psychology
              Type: main
ResultId 1