Books into Bytes.
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| Title: | Books into Bytes. |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Hoffert, Barbara |
| Source: | Library Journal. 1992 117(14):130-135. |
| Peer Reviewed: | N |
| Page Count: | 6 |
| Publication Date: | 1992 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Information Analyses Opinion Papers Reports - Descriptive |
| Descriptors: | Computer Networks, Computer Peripherals, Electronic Publishing, Futures (of Society), Library Materials, Library Role, Library Services, Microcomputers, Optical Data Disks, Public Libraries, Publishing Industry |
| ISSN: | 0363-0277 |
| Abstract: | Discusses current technology for electronic publishing, including various options in desktop-based, television-based, and portable platforms, and describes the capabilities of CD-I (compact disk-interactive). Future directions for electronic publishing in the areas of networking, potential for creativity in producing multimedia versions of titles, and library services are considered. (MES) |
| Entry Date: | 1993 |
| Accession Number: | EJ450494 |
| Database: | ERIC |
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| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHj0k_4E0hTGH8RJwT4gCJyBsGNe_WN95AvKlDbXJGqwxwFg_b_VXGDh8UglISV0quPbAAAA5DCB4QYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHTMIHQAgEAMIHKBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDG-8AkafAvcMI3GCGgIBEICBnO4ORjv_21WjW3PfhQZZOwq7nd3AAKh88g1NpqyrbUuV1oECiiWVUvJcRtGUbxBOxroBHAWS-Rx6YKbxaB5FVKTkxdHLK7hjpSUYbqulWwS7ILDpFgYpsLL8NW2WjAUFNW8uXFNiTNLzyHoR2GJU5fjM83gsGwwwa-ioBaeim_aXjFH6w9IXje0xPrdxDXNOM45Wbwj62X8425ktaw== Text: Availability: 1 Value: <anid>AN9209281106;Lij01sep.92;2002Jan04.16:34;v6.0.1</anid> <title id="AN9209281106-1">BOOKS INTO BYTES </title> <sbt id="AN9209281106-2">As platforms proliferate and more and more publishers go electronic, librarians face new choices</sbt> <p>IT'S SUNDAY EVENING, and you're looking for some interaction. You can't decide whether to pop a disc into the CD player for a customized guitar lesson or enjoy a movie featuring real characters whom you manipulate at will. Instead, you think you'll curl up by the fire and track down your favorite scenes in your favorite classic on a computer that fits neatly into your lap. </p> <p>But your child is working on an important assignment, and though she's already browsed the entire Library of Congress through the fiber-optic cables linking homes, schools, businesses, and libraries around the country, she may need some help with the multimedia software she's using to double-check facts. You head for her computer, sure that she's deeply engaged by the software's rock music interludes and animated sequences, then stop dead in your tracks. She's not doing homework; she's just downloaded the latest best seller! </p> <p>Just a few years ago, this scenario would have seemed far-fetched. Now, however, interactive multimedia compact discs (CD-ROM) and portable computers are a reality, and online access at home to just about everything is anticipated in the future. Such rapid technological advances pose real problems for librarians. </p> <p>What platforms will work best in libraries, which have always been on the cutting edge of technological change? In six months, what new home device will be all the rage, precipitating a flood of demands for the necessary software that could just as quickly dry up? Will libraries lend only software or hardware as well? What's the meaning of access vs. ownership in an online environment? And once patrons start accessing everything from reference material to the latest news and the hottest novels in the comfort of their own homes, will the role of libraries be curtailed so drastically that they won't survive at all? </p> <p>"The public library has had a strong tradition," notes Apple Computer's Steve Cisler, a former librarian himself. "But that tradition is threatened if librarians can't figure out a new role to play as the economics of print information changes." To see what that new role might be, librarians need to understand how electronic publishing is evolving today and what's predicted for tomorrow by the experts. </p> <hd id="AN9209281106-3"> Electronic trilogy </hd> <p>Currently, consumers looking for an electronic update can choose from a wide variety of platforms, or types of equipment, which fall neatly into three categories: desktop-based, TV-based, and portable. The solidly established desktop computer includes IBM's PC, whose DOS-operated word-processing and spreadsheet capacities helped define computer use today; Apples range of Macintosh computers, which integrate sound, animation, and photo-quality images with text and graphics; and Microsoft's Multimedia PC, a Windows-operated platform that aims to achieve the same multimedia effects. </p> <p>New TV-based options include such platforms as Commodore's CDTV, Kodak's Photo CD, and Philips Consumer Electronic Corporation's Compact Disc-Interactive player (CD-I). (Sony has unveiled its own CD-I in Japan.) Hooked up to a color TV screen and operated by an infrared remote control, CD-I contains a megabyte of RAM, in some ways "putting a PC in your TV," as the promotional literature boasts. CD-I, unlike CD-ROM, allows for synchronized sound, images, and movement. It has been vigorously promoted by Philips, but whether it can replace popular game machines like Nintendo--which are now adding CD-ROM capability--remains to be seen. </p> <p>With 12 million color variations, up to 16 separate channels of audio, and full-motion capability in the offing, CD-I's accent is clearly on multimedia, not text, and users interact with whatever appears onscreen by clicking from choice to choice. Thus, anyone using Philips Interactive Media of America's (PIMA) CD-I on classical guitar instruction can pick a tune according to level of difficulty, hear it at varying speeds, and see the action of both hands; Lords of the Rising Sun, an interactive movie based on 12th-century Japan, lets you determine the fate of real characters seen against a video backdrop. </p> <p>Librarians should remember that not all multimedia software is interactive. For instance, with Warner New Media's Compact Disc plus Graphics (CD+G) discs, you can watch visuals on a TV screen hooked up to CD+G player or CD-ROM-based game machine as you listen to music. But you cannot deviate from the course set by the software; you simply sit back and enjoy the images that fill your screen as a symphony or catchy tune rumbles by. (Warner also produces interactive multimedia CD-ROMs.) </p> <p>Nor is CD-I the only interactive platform around; users have been happily interacting with multimedia CD-ROMs for years. Take, for instance, Compton's MultiMedia Encyclopedia, which offers 15,000 images, 45 animated sequences, and 60 minutes of sound, music, and speech on a single disc, along with the ten million words found in all 26 volumes of Compton's Encyclopedia. </p> <p>"Yes, it's interactive," explains Compton NewMedia's Stanley Frank. "There's no set menu." You pose whatever question pops into your head, look at pictures in random order, and choose whether you want to hear a presidential speech or a passage from Mozart. Though ROM stands for "Read Only Memory," meaning you can't write on the disc, an online notebook lets you copy passages or add notes. You can't refocus a picture, embellish a speech, or add a bossa nova beat to a Mozart aria, but only because these choices weren't programmed into the product. Certainly, other multimedia CD-ROM offer such choices. </p> <p>The one thing you can't yet do with any CD-ROM or CD-I disc is to alter its content, as you could with the sixth draft of a business report you've stored on a floppy disk, and then save the alteration. (CD recordable is in fact available but for the next two to three years will be too expensive for mainstream use.) With fully interactive multimedia PCs like a Macintosh or Multimedia PC, you not only have access to such standard PC productivity tools as word processing, allowing you to manipulate and save text, but you can manipulate visuals, sound, and animation and, within limits, save what you have created. </p> <p>For consumers who would rather not be propped up in front of a desktop computer or TV screen, several companies have developed portable alternatives. For instance, Apple manufactures the widely featured PowerBook, a portable computer whose backlit, page-sized screen almost persuades you that you're reading a standard book. The PowerBook is indeed a computer--on a long plane ride, you can use it to edit a business report or check spreadsheets. But when your work is done, you need only pop in a book-priced disk to read Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park or copy passages from one of Random House's "Modern Library" titles selected for publication in electronic form. </p> <p>Software for the PowerBook is being produced by The Voyager Company, a publisher of interactive media since 1984 that threw in its lot with Apple because "we were looking for something like a book," explains Voyager's Michael Cohen. "In the PowerBook, we found a good, notebook-sized machine and went for it." Adds Apples Cisler, who reports that the PowerBook will even shut off if you fall asleep with it in bed, "You really can curl up with this computer." </p> <p>For true ease of transport, consumers can try Sony's Data Discman Electronic Book Player, a hand-held, battery-operated CD-ROM device featuring a miniature screen and run by tiny, 3.5" discs; the DD10-EXB, an even more compact version of the Data Discman that boasts not only text and graphics but audio; and the new, as yet unnamed, multimedia CD-ROM player (formerly called the CD-ROM XA player and before that the Bookman), an expanded version due out this fall that plays full-sized CD-ROMs and audio discs. Though a keyboard facilitates keyword searching, these players are intended mainly for display. They lack a hard or floppy drive and are thus not really computers but hand-held consumer electronics devices with no writable memory. </p> <hd id="AN9209281106-4"> Which do you pick? </hd> <p>With all these platforms jostling for consumer attention, no one really knows how electronic publishing will take shape, and most publishers hesitate to commit wholeheartedly to one platform. As Gale Research Sales VP Rod Gauvin explains, "When looking to the future, it's important not to consider one technology or delivery system only; all the technologies that are standard now may not be around in two years." Not that things win become any simpler, with one platform emerging as the winner. "Will there be one set of standards, a ubiquitous platform?" wonders Frederick Bowes, president of Macmillan New Media, Macmillan, Inc.'s new electronic publishing division. "No; not any more than with word processing." </p> <p>Despite the ongoing proliferation of platforms, one trend can be detected. Currently, desktop computers dominate the industry. But Apple's Linda Stone Neumann argues that manufacturers will take their desktop knowledge and run toward portables--"which are personal, private, exploratory, with easy-to-read text and nice graphics"--and toward TV-based platforms, even as they maintain their desktop options. What happens after that is anyone's guess. </p> <p>In the future, portables will undoubtedly become more common as screens improve and prices drop. All computer screens are more difficult to read than book pages--type contrast and resolution is not as good, and screens flicker at the rate of dozens of frames per second--and these problems are more pronounced in portables. Even the PowerBook, whose page-sized screen, adequate white space, and absence of scrolling closely simulates the experience of reading a book, "can only improve," insists Cisler. </p> <p>Macmillan's Bowes suspects that portables "are probably going to be text-oriented and not highly visual." He also sees them as essentially look-up platforms: "You might read a book if you happened to have loaded it in, but [that use] is a curiosity at best." Counters Neumann, "Many portables today easily handle text, graphics, and audio, and video and animation will soon follow. As prices drop on color LCD screens, color will also be available in these devices." </p> <p>Michael Mellin, publisher, Random House Electronic Publishing, has a different take on the future of portables. "Something I can say with absolute conviction is that in the area of consumer electronics, two platforms will dominate: Sony's multimedia CD-ROM player and the Apple Newton." The Newton, which is the basis of a whole new product line that Apple has dubbed Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), is starting out as an electronic notepad but will eventually become a portable workstation incorporating a spell device, FAX/phone, message center, and more. It will be available in early 1993. These two platforms are "diametrically opposed," notes Mellin. "Sony's new player is delivered by CD-ROM, the Newton on silicon or memory chip." </p> <hd id="AN9209281106-5"> TV viewing </hd> <p>Interaction is nothing new, but with his typical bravado PIMA President Bernard Luskin proclaims CD-I "the birth of the interactive media industry." He argues that the future of publishing lies in the realm of electronics--"The optical [e.g., laser-read] disc is what binding is to a book"--and that electronic publishing will be centered on TV--especially "smart" TVs represented by interactive TV, pay-per-view options, and the like. </p> <p>Finally being able to tell the TV what to do is tempting, and publishers are considering doing just that. Virtually all CD-I titles available today have been produced by PIMA, independently or in conjunction with other software publishers. But traditional print publishers attending a recent CD-I Publishers' Conference, held July 22-24 in New York, ranged from Houghton Mifflin, Random House, and Henry Holt to Rand McNally, McGraw Hill, and Abbeville. </p> <p>A few mainstream publishers are already working on CD-I products. Beacham Publishing, a reference house, plans three lines of CD-I software--reference-based software, library-based software to assist patrons, and toolkits aimed at helping other publishers adapt their databases to CD-I. Michael Reagan, vice president and publisher of Turner Publishing, reports that his company is developing two CD-I titles, though CD-I "is not our major thrust. We are more interested in the idea of multimedia than in a specific product." </p> <p>As a subsidiary of the Turner Broadcasting System, Turner Publishing is elegantly situated to secure both the materials and the rights to produce interactive multimedia software for any platform. But most of the publishers attending the CD-I conference were just testing the waters. The large-scale development of CD-I or other TV-based titles is at least a year away. </p> <p>As well it might be, since not everyone is sure that CD-I will be a success. "We want better resolution; the CD-I products don't have it," explains Voyager's Cohen. He doesn't rule out commitment to an improved CD-I in the future, but the TV hook-up makes him uneasy: "With a TV screen, you can have only 30 characters across and ten down; it's like reading a fortune cookie!" Adds Apple's Neumann, "I'm not sure I know how to interact with a TV; it's eight feet away, and sustaining a conversation at that distance is difficult. Philips wants to change our technology and our behavior, but it's a lot easier to change technology than the way we interact with it." </p> <p>Other industry insiders argue that CD-I is just an interim product and that in fact it is already fading. Their reasons? It's a lower-power computer, not always as persuasive as Nintendo in its graphics; its software is currently both difficult and expensive to make; and it plays only CDs. Since its introduction in October 1991, sales have reportedly been disappointing. </p> <p>"There is a split in electronic publishing now between computer-based and TV-based multimedia," observes Reader's Digest consultant Scott Kraft. "Computers are for work, TVs for entertainment. For a lot of traditional publishers, there isn't a place in CD-I. But if you publish a lot of illustrated books or children's books, or you have a strong video library, CD-I is perfect." </p> <p>Unlike Neumann, Kraft isn't fazed by the idea of interacting with a TV: "Kids have a dialog with the TV; they talk to it and touch it." But he counters Luskin's claims for CD-I by saying, "It's only half the future of publishing. The other half is CD-ROM, online services, and what comes after." </p> <p>Philips will continue to refine CD-I, and other TV-based means of delivery are being developed. For now, users must decide whether they want interaction in a gamelike setting with rich but finite choices or the ability to manipulate content and save what they've done. </p> <hd id="AN9209281106-6"> All linked up </hd> <p>A few observations are in order. First, remember that while both are interactive, CD-ROM and CD-I are not compatible. That is, you can't play a CD-ROM disc on a CD-I platform and vice versa. Reagan hopes that "within two years we will have a new black box to hook up to the TV, a cross platform" that will eliminate this welter of "conflicting platforms." </p> <p>Second, even as more and more compact computer packages do fancier and fancier things, these devices really are getting easier to use. "In the future," explains Compton's Frank, "the really important thing is the ability to get at information in a way that uses natural language." Frank then goes on to explain that his company's SmarTrieve, a search-and-retrieve system that can search all the databases in a library and order the information it finds according to importance, runs on a natural-language system: "Anyone who has a question can ask it; it need not be in Boolean." </p> <p>Finally, the TV-based publishing that Luskin prophesied is subtly linked to America's plugged-in future, since the electronic delivery of information to homes, libraries, and businesses nationwide will be accomplished via cable TV or phone lines. Information can now be delivered quickly enough via standard wire, but the new fiberoptic cables being developed win really speed things up. </p> <p>"A single fiber-optic cable delivers 100 gigabites a second," explains Clarinet's Brad Templeton, who has successfully orchestrated the distribution via the country's largest electronic bulletin board of an electronic newspaper combining UPI and original stories. "That means that all the text ever written could be transmitted in an hour." Ultimately, fiber-optic cables could link home users not only to their local library but to all sorts of databases across the country, including a publisher's. Imagine calling up a Tom Clancy novel on a home or library computer screen. Templeton suggests that in some cases you might even be able to tap into an author's own computer and read a new work directly for a pay-per-read or flat fee. </p> <p>The passage of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, which provides funds for the development of the National Research and Education Network (NREN), is a step toward this brave new future. "We now have the NSFnet [the National Science Foundation network); it's a pipe of a certain size, and you can stuff only so much into it," explains Jean Polly, assistant director, public services/head, microcomputer services, Liverpool Public Library, N.Y. and author of LJ's Computer Currents column. "NREN is a bigger pipe, providing better quality." </p> <hd id="AN9209281106-7"> Publishing goes electronic </hd> <p>"The malleability of electronic text excites some people and frightens others, like traditional publishers and certain types of authors," observes Apple's Cisler. "Major publishers are now looking at it because they don't want to be left out." In a recent LJ/Cahners survey, nearly one in five publishers reported publishing in formats other than text, some of it video or audio but most of it electronic. "Electronic publishing is the biggest opportunity to publishers in a decade," notes Random's Mellin, who adds that libraries are the single most important and quantifiable market for these new products. </p> <p>Reference publishers have leaped into electronic publishing faster than their colleagues, but publishers are currently considering electronic formats for everything from travel to science fiction, from health to crossword puzzles to fine arts. Since so much text is currently generated, stored, and typeset electronically, it's easy enough to create an electronic product as the need arises. "We aren't thinking of developing an electronic product first," Gale's Gauvin notes. "We think in terms of developing a database from which we can build electronically as the market demands." Interestingly, with a database at the ready, electronic books are no longer spun off from print titles, as they might have been ten years ago, but print titles from the electronic database. </p> <hd id="AN9209281106-8"> Cold feet </hd> <p>Some traditional print publishers don't yet realize how much a new title can be enriched by having an alterative electronic binding--giving electronic mavericks plenty of opportunity for some creative interface. "We work with [major printer] R.R. Donnelley to inform their clients of electronic opportunities," explains Frank. "In addition to print, they can do an electronic binding simultaneously. Publishers are anxious to appear in both formats, and we show them what can be done with sound, pictures, and animation." Encouraged to think more broadly and more creatively, traditional print publishers can produce a range of formats that serve the user better--whether they are licensing rights to electronic publishers or creating electronic products themselves. </p> <p>Publishers should not try to be too creative, however. Color, sound, and even animation might work for a book on Picasso or on endangered wildlife, but it certainly wouldn't enhance a list of associations. "It's a mistake to make something multimedia"--or interactive or whatever--"if that doesn't meet the needs of the users," notes Gauvin. Furthermore, the electronic version of a book should not merely duplicate--and hence compete with--the print version. A good electronic product "is related to the book title by subject matter and origin of text but is substantially different," insists Mellin. </p> <p>There's plenty of talk about alternative technologies replacing print in the future, but for now the electronic format is emerging as just one of many formats--e.g., paperback, audio, large print--that appear along with the hardcover book. Such simultaneous publishing will become more common in the future, and though some enthusiasts insist that print will soon be obsolete, it is generally agreed that print and electronic technologies will coexist for years to come. And why not? "Movies didn't replace theater," observes Voyager's Cohen. "After the invention of photography, people still painted." These longstanding arts were simply changed by the new formats, just as print publishing will be changed forever by electronics. </p> <p>The change could be all for the better. Not only are new electronic formats expected to give a boost to the publishing industry, still sagging from its post-Eighties economic slump, but they could actually revitalize--rather than eliminate--print. "Things that could only be made available in print can now suddenly be published in another way," explains Cohen, "clearing the decks for books that really should be in print form." </p> <p>Even as some publishers embrace the electronic future with enthusiasm, others view it cautiously. Many of the publishers who responded to the LJ/Cahners survey felt that electronic formats may be appropriate for reference and professional publishing, or as supplementary aids in teaching and research, but not for their lists. Others argue that it is too expensive an investment. Still others say that they will wait until the hardware is more established, until most other publishers have gone electronic, or until demand forces them to take the plunge. Even a science publisher claimed that electronic publishing is useless until the entire world is linked electronically. </p> <p>Advocates who seek to reassure these skeptics argue that as the cost of traditional publishing rises, the new electronic formats will provide an affordable means of publication appropriate to every type of book, not just reference. Online publication could make available new or experimental fiction or controversial nonfiction that traditional publishers shun. New electronic markets like the American Information Exchange, where users pay a nominal fee for information (or entertainment) on request, provide "a way for non-techies to get involved," says Cisler. "A poet could find a place here." </p> <hd id="AN9209281106-9"> Your electronic future </hd> <p>Librarians have always been ahead of the pack in their understanding of technology, but the rapid proliferation of new platforms makes it hard for them to figure out what's available. It's also hard to figure out what patrons really want. At Polly's Liverpool Public Library, "We have been circulating software since 1981, and in 1991, 15,000 items of software circulated out of the building." But which software will catch on in the future? Which new platforms will be used primarily in libraries and which used at home? What if patrons don't even want these new options? As former librarian Cisler comments, "Older patrons may want more large print; commuters may want audiobooks." Here are some thoughts from industry insiders on the library's electronic future. </p> <p>Among desktop, TV-based, and portable options, desktop computers clearly have the edge. Everyone acknowledges that CD-ROM is firmly entrenched in libraries, and, says Frank, "libraries can look forward to a greatly expanded product line--a three- to fourfold increase, though some new CD-ROM will be game-oriented." Mellin adds that "in libraries, the most popular platform will be microcomputers--DOS, Windows, Macintosh--and there will be a lot of floppy disk-based software like Voyager's." He goes on to argue that in the future most serious reference works win appear on CD-ROM, with prices varying just as they do for books. </p> <p>As a result, says Mellin, librarians will handle three types of titles in electronic format: "Content-rich titles for successful computers like the PC and Macintosh will be part of library collections and be lent out; expensive reference works on CD-ROM will be consulted in the library only; and simple titles like audio that play on consumer devices will also be lent." The electronic distribution of titles is far in everyone's future, but when it arrives, "It will not be in every library but only those--like academic and research libraries--where online searching is common." </p> <p>Compton's Frank also predicts that platforms like "the Multimedia PC with CD-ROM drive will proliferate in the consumer market, among the library's constituency. Families with these players win demand software from libraries." But he does not believe that CD-I will conquer the stacks. "It's a home product, not an office or library product." </p> <p>Concurs Maxwell Macmillan's Bowes: "You're safest with computer-based platforms in libraries. How do you use a TV requiring remote control in a reading room?" But Beacham president Walton Beacham argues that "there are applications in libraries. We are looking for every kind of creative way to make reference lively, particularly for less sophisticated patrons." </p> <p>Early filmmakers never dreamed of Gone with the Wind, they were delighted simply to record people walking and running. Radio, telegraph, and telephone were never intended to be used as they are now. No one can predict how today's wondrous new technology will evolve tomorrow. But one thing is certain: Print will not soon disappear from libraries. With the future of the electronics industry wide open, publishers wisely hesitate to commit to a single format. In any case, they're more interested in giving libraries what they want than in persuading them that electronic bindings beat Smyth-sown alternatives. </p> <p>"We see ourselves as information providers, in whatever form" explains Gauvin. "If libraries wanted information only electronically, that is what we would provide. But we hear that is not what they want. Not all libraries have the hardware or the money, and, in any case, some information is delivered better in print." New bindings are exciting, but it's the thought that really counts. </p> <p></p> <hd id="AN9209281106-10">Major Electronic Platforms</hd> <ct id="AN9209281106-11"> Computer Operating CD or Design Platform Manufacturer or Player System Floppy Center ------------------------------------------------------------------- PC IBM Computer DOS Both Desktop Macintosh Apple Computer Mac Both Desktop Multimedia Microsoft &amp; Computer Windows Both Desktop PC Licensees (e.g., Tandy) CD-I Philips Player CD-RTOS CD TV-based (compact disc real-time operating system) Powerbook Apple Computer Mac Both Portable Data Discman Sony Player EB format CD Portable Multimedia Sony Player DOS CD Portable CD-ROM XA Player (forthcoming)</ct> <p>PHOTO: Keeping current with Jean Polly, author of LJ's Computer Currents column </p> <p>PHOTO: Jean Polly </p> <aug> <p>By Barbara Hoffert </p> <p></p> <p>Barbara Hoffert in Managing Editor, LJ Book Review </p> </aug> |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Languages: – Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 6 StartPage: 130 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Computer Networks Type: general – SubjectFull: Computer Peripherals Type: general – SubjectFull: Electronic Publishing Type: general – SubjectFull: Futures (of Society) Type: general – SubjectFull: Library Materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Library Role Type: general – SubjectFull: Library Services Type: general – SubjectFull: Microcomputers Type: general – SubjectFull: Optical Data Disks Type: general – SubjectFull: Public Libraries Type: general – SubjectFull: Publishing Industry Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Books into Bytes. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Hoffert, Barbara IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 01 Type: published Y: 1992 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 0363-0277 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 117 – Type: issue Value: 14 Titles: – TitleFull: Library Journal Type: main |
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