View in EDS HTML Full Text PDF Full Text

Exposure to Hazardous Neighborhood Environments in Late Childhood and Anxiety

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Exposure to Hazardous Neighborhood Environments in Late Childhood and Anxiety
Language: English
Authors: Furr-Holden, C. Debra M., Milam, Adam J., Young, Kevin C.
Source: Journal of Community Psychology. Sep 2011 39(7):876-883.
Availability: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Tel: 800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL
Peer Reviewed: Y
Physical Description: PDF
Page Count: 8
Publication Date: 2011
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Anxiety Disorders, Neighborhoods, Children, Regression (Statistics), Separation Anxiety, Community Characteristics, Correlation, Mental Health, Suburbs, Measures (Individuals)
DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20461
ISSN: 0090-4392
Abstract: This investigation examined the relationship between living in disordered neighborhoods during childhood and anxiety 1 year later. Objective measures of neighborhood environment and individual data from a study of mental health in suburban children were utilized. Linear regression models were used to assess relationships between neighborhood hazard and anxiety. Childhood neighborhood disorder was inversely associated with generalized anxiety ([beta]=-0.037, p less than 0.01) and social phobia ([beta]=-0.33, p=0.03), but not other forms of anxiety including separation anxiety or panic disorder. We suspect that children with early exposure to disordered neighborhoods are either desensitized to toxic environments or that anxiety is not well specified for this population. (Contains 3 tables.)
Abstractor: As Provided
Number of References: 25
Entry Date: 2011
Accession Number: EJ940738
Database: ERIC
Full text is not displayed to guests.
FullText Links:
  – Type: pdflink
    Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHj0k_4E0hTGH8RJwT4gCJyBsGNe_WN95AvKlDbXJGqwxwEC1ofuGGPexpSqK_T0kQ_8AAAA4jCB3wYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHRMIHOAgEAMIHIBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDO65qQXmTTDS_HC-UAIBEICBmmj_f654TnjH5rfqS8f-9gtLi-DE75GRgaEuFPVKkQGh-C_qTy6hcslMTU1WuzrbMj44ZWjIC3Mj7UBXyLn43bsI24wYpnRNixyTLg-lFO072D2Bnjkl6WAqaQuLIa8-MCgFFedrspHA5fxeqBpvuj4GszKvizL9Ake7777dYu88fD2klZUg6m0KdhldOfrP4Zs1rCyl9LnQVvc=
Text:
  Availability: 1
  Value: <anid>AN0064487211;59b01sep.11;2019May30.11:54;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0064487211-1">Exposure to hazardous neighborhood environments in late childhood and anxiety. </title> <p>This investigation examined the relationship between living in disordered neighborhoods during childhood and anxiety 1 year later. Objective measures of neighborhood environment and individual data from a study of mental health in suburban children were utilized. Linear regression models were used to assess relationships between neighborhood hazard and anxiety. Childhood neighborhood disorder was inversely associated with generalized anxiety (β=−0.037, p<0.01) and social phobia (β=−0.33, p=0.03), but not other forms of anxiety including separation anxiety or panic disorder. We suspect that children with early exposure to disordered neighborhoods are either desensitized to toxic environments or that anxiety is not well specified for this population. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> <p>Large epidemiological studies estimate that 10%–20% of youth meet criteria for anxiety disorder (Kendall et al., [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref1">15</reflink>]). Anxiety disorders and internalizing problems during childhood are associated with later anxiety during adolescence, internalizing problems in adulthood, and physical health in adulthood (Anderson, Cohen, Naumova, & Must, [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref2">2</reflink>]; Bittner et al., [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref3">4</reflink>]; Woodward & Fergusson, [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref4">24</reflink>]).</p> <p>Gabarino ([<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref5">14</reflink>]) suggests that mental health problems among youth may be the by‐product of socially toxic environments (e.g., residential neighborhood) that lack developmental assets for youth. General strain theory (Agnew, [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref6">1</reflink>]) may also explain the relationship between socially toxic environments and mental health in youth. The constant strain and stress because of fear of one's environment and lack of resources may lead to maladaptive coping and mental health problems.</p> <p>Increasingly, researchers have examined the impact of hazardous neighborhood environments (i.e., graffiti, intoxicated people, and gang activity) on youth and adolescent mental health (Aneshensel & Sucoff, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref7">3</reflink>]; Furr‐Holden, Milam, Reynolds, MacPherson, & Lejuez, in press; Milam et al., [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref8">18</reflink>]; Schaefer‐McDaniel, [<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref9">22</reflink>]; Xue, Leventhal, Brooks‐Gunn, & Earls, [<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref10">25</reflink>]). The studies indicate that hazardous neighborhood environments are related to increased rates of mental disorders including depression and internalizing behaviors. Aneshensel and Sucoff ([<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref11">3</reflink>]) examined neighborhood socioeconomic factors, adolescents' perception of their neighborhood environment, and mental health outcomes; they found that children perceived greater neighborhood danger in more disadvantaged neighborhoods and the increase in perceived danger was related to increased anxiety and depression. Similarly, Xue et al. ([<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref12">25</reflink>]) examined the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage, measured using U.S. Census data, and internalizing problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, and withdrawal) in a sample of youth aged 5 to 11 years. The authors also examined collective efficacy as a potential mediator. They found that neighborhood disadvantage was positively related to internalizing problems and collective efficacy mediated the relationship. Milam et al. ([<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref13">18</reflink>]) extended the line of research and used objective measures of neighborhood environment in addition to children's perception of the neighborhood environment using a sample of third‐grade to fifth‐grade students. Girls who felt safe in their neighborhood were less likely to have internalizing behavior problems (anxiety, depression, etc.) than girls who did not feel safe in their neighborhood. There was also positive association between objectively measured neighborhood indicators of alcohol and drug use (e.g., people were selling or using drugs, people were drinking and/or drunk/intoxicated people) and depressive symptoms among girls. Self‐reported neighborhood safety mediated the relationship between neighborhood indicators of alcohol and drug use and internalizing behavior problems. Self‐reported and objective measures of the neighborhood environment were not related to internalizing behavior problems among boys.</p> <p>This current study explores the relationship between neighborhood disorder and anxiety disorders symptoms among a sample of primarily suburban school children. The investigation uses a novel observational instrument to characterize the physical and social aspects of the neighborhood environment (Furr‐Holden et al., [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref14">11</reflink>]). Based on previous research (Furr‐Holden et al., in press; Milam et al., [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref15">18</reflink>]) and theoretical foundations, we expect to find a positive relationship between neighborhood disorder and anxiety in children.</p> <hd id="AN0064487211-2">METHOD</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0064487211-3">Data Sources</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0064487211-4">Mental Health Outcomes: The Child Mental Health Study</hd> <p>The Child Mental Health Study examined the utility of a laboratory measure of risk‐taking propensity. The study included measures of risk‐taking propensity, mental health, risk behaviors, and delinquent behaviors (Furr‐Holden et al., [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref16">11</reflink>]; Lejuez et al., [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref17">17</reflink>]). Participants were recruited from rural, suburban, and urban neighborhoods in the greater Washington, DC metro area. Targeted advertisement was used to increase the geographic, racial, and economic diversity of the sample. This investigation will use the six subscales from the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS; Chorpita, Yim, Moffitt, Umenoto, & Francis, 2000): generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; 6 items), social phobia (SP; 9 items), panic disorder (PD; 9 items), separation anxiety disorder (SAD; 7 items), obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD; 6 items), and major depression (MDD; 10 items). The RCADS is 47‐item self‐report questionnaire. The questionnaire is answered using a 4‐point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (<emph>never</emph>) to 3 (<emph>always</emph>). The range of possible scores for the total scale is 0 to 141. Possible scores on the subscales range from 0 to 3 times the number of items in the subscale (e.g., MDD: 3*10 items; range is from 0 to 30). The psychometric properties of the instrument are sound (Chorpita et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref18">6</reflink>]; Chorpita, Moffitt, & Gray, [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref19">5</reflink>]; de Ross, Gullone, & Chorpita, [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref20">9</reflink>]). Alpha coefficients were used to test for internal consistency for the RCAD subscales, the coefficients ranged from 0.73–0.82. Validity was assessed using two established instruments—the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref21">16</reflink>]) and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS; Reynolds & Richmond, [<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref22">21</reflink>])—and were also good (<emph>r</emph>=0.59–0.72). This tool builds on the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS; Spence, [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref23">23</reflink>]) and was constructed to better assess the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety).</p> <hd id="AN0064487211-5">Neighborhood disorder: The Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology Instrument</hd> <p>Neighborhood disorder was measured using the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy) Instrument (Furr‐Holden et al., [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref24">13</reflink>]). NIfETy assessments were conducted by a pair of trained field raters on the residential block‐faces of participants upon completing year 1 Child Mental Health assessments. Metric properties, i.e., the validity and reliability, of the NIfETy are sound. The NIfETy has high reliability for the total scale (internal consistency reliability [ICC] is 0.84), the violence, alcohol, and other drugs (VAOD) subscale (ICC=0.71), and across raters (ICC=0.67–0.79). Validity metrics are also good. NIfETy indicators of VAOD exposure (e.g., alcohol bottles, drug baggies, and shell casings) correlated strongly with self‐reported VAOD exposure (e.g., self‐reported use, seeing people using drugs in the neighborhood) among a sample of slightly older adolescents and with local crime data in prior study (Furr‐Holden et al., [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref25">11</reflink>]). The NIfETy includes seven domains: physical layout, dwellings, adult and youth activity, physical and social (dis)order, and VAOD indicators. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted using 21 items theoretically related to neighborhood disorder (Cohen, Farley, & Mason, [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref26">7</reflink>]; Perkins, Brown, & Taylor, [<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref27">20</reflink>]). Eleven items had prevalence above 5% and consistently loaded together (items listed in footnote to Table 1, loadings: 0.51–0.90). A disorder score was created by multiplying the factor loadings by one if the indicator was present and summing the score for each participant's block face. Because factor loadings were used to create the disorder score, some items were weighted more heavily than others (e.g., drug paraphernalia 0.855; trash, 0.506). The resulting disorder score ranged from zero to 7.4.</p> <p>1 Sample Characteristics of Child Mental Health Study Participants</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left">Characteristic (<italic>n</italic>=172)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left">Mean neighborhood disordera (<italic>SD</italic>)</td><td align="center">1.32(1.63)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Mean generalized anxiety disorder scale (<italic>SD</italic>)</td><td align="left" /></tr><tr><td align="left"> Year 1</td><td align="center">5.67 (3.18)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Year 2</td><td align="center">4.73 (2.85)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Mean social phobia scale (<italic>SD</italic>)</td><td align="left" /></tr><tr><td align="left"> Year 1</td><td align="center">8.52 (4.80)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Year 2</td><td align="center">8.33 (4.71)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Gender (%)</td><td align="left" /></tr><tr><td align="left"> Male</td><td align="center">104 (60.47)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Female</td><td align="center">68 (39.53)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Raceb (%)</td><td align="left" /></tr><tr><td align="left"> White</td><td align="center">88 (51.46)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Black</td><td align="center">63 (36.84)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Other</td><td align="center">20 (11.70)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annual family incomec (%)</td><td align="left" /></tr><tr><td align="left"> <Median</td><td align="center">84 (50.91)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> >Median</td><td align="center">81 (49.09)</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>1 SD=Standard deviation.</p> <ulist> <item>2 a <sups>a</sups>Items characterizing neighborhood disorder score: structures with broken windows, unboarded abandoned buildings, unmaintained property, trash in open spaces, broken bottles, graffiti, noise, people yelling, public alcohol consumption, drug paraphernalia, and discarded alcohol bottles.</item> <item>3 b <sups>b</sups><emph>n</emph>=171.</item> <item>4 c <sups>c</sups><emph>n</emph>=165.</item> </ulist> <p>Supplemental funding for the current project allowed a sample of 196 youth to have neighborhood assessments conducted after the completion of year 1 Child Mental Health assessments. One hundred seventy‐two (87.8%) youth who completed the RCADS in year 1 and year 2 had neighborhood assessments at year 1 and are included in this research. The NIfETy and Child Mental Health Study data collections were approved by grantee Institutional Review Boards.</p> <hd id="AN0064487211-6">Data Analysis</hd> <p>Descriptive statistics were computed for all participants. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between neighborhood disorder and the anxiety disorder subscales. Model 1 included the predictor of interest, the neighborhood disorder score, and the anxiety subscale score at year 2 as the dependent variable. This model also included statistical adjustment for the respective anxiety subscale at year 1 to constrain the potential confounding effect of prior anxiety symptoms. Model 2 extended Model 1 and controlled for demographic characteristics including, age, race, gender, and annual family income.</p> <hd id="AN0064487211-7">RESULTS</hd> <p>The study sample included 104 males (60.4%) and was 51.5% Caucasian (Table 1). The median age of the sample was 11 years of age. The mean parental self‐reported income was $86,000 ($50,000 <emph>SD</emph>). Income was transformed into a binary variable because it was not normally distributed (swilk, <emph>p</emph><0.001).</p> <p>Neighborhood disorder during childhood predicted a lower score on the generalized anxiety disorder scale at year 2 after controlling for the GAD during the previous year (Table 2; <emph>β</emph>=−0.33, <emph>p</emph><0.01). No demographic variables predicted GAD in year 2. Neighborhood disorder continued to predict a lower score on the GAD scale after controlling for demographic characteristics and past year GAD (<emph>β</emph>=−0.37, <emph>p</emph><0.01). Similar findings were found for the social phobia subscale (Table 3); increased disorder was associated with a decrease in social phobia subscale in model 1 (<emph>β</emph>=−0.33, <emph>p</emph>=0.03), adjusting for the social phobia in year 1. The relationship was not statistically significant after adjusting for demographics (<emph>β</emph>=−0.26, <emph>p</emph>=0.11). The other anxiety subscales were not significantly associated neighborhood disorder in the unadjusted or adjusted models.</p> <p>2 Results from Linear Regression Models of Neighborhood Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" /><th align="center">Model 1c (n=172)</th><th align="center">Model 2d (n=164)</th></tr><tr><th align="left" /><th align="center"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center">p</th><th align="center"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center">P</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left">Neighborhood disorder</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.33</td><td align="char" char="."><0.01</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.37</td><td align="char" char="."><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Generalized anxiety, year 1</td><td align="char" char=".">0.44</td><td align="char" char="."><0.01</td><td align="char" char=".">0.43</td><td align="char" char="."><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Male</td><td align="char" char=".">0.34</td><td align="char" char=".">0.39</td><td align="char" char=".">0.27</td><td align="char" char=".">0.49</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Racea</td><td align="left" /><td align="left" /><td align="left" /><td align="left" /></tr><tr><td align="left"> White (reference)</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Black</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.36</td><td align="char" char=".">0.39</td><td align="char" char=".">0.15</td><td align="char" char=".">0.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Other</td><td align="char" char=".">0.39</td><td align="char" char=".">0.53</td><td align="char" char=".">0.28</td><td align="char" char=".">0.67</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annual family incomeb</td><td align="char" char=".">0.59</td><td align="char" char=".">0.13</td><td align="char" char=".">0.71</td><td align="char" char=".">0.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Age</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.20</td><td align="char" char=".">0.40</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.33</td><td align="char" char=".">0.18</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <ulist> <item>5 a <sups>a</sups><emph>n</emph>=171.</item> <item>6 b <sups>b</sups><emph>n</emph>=165.</item> <item>7 c <sups>c</sups>Adjusted for year 1 anxiety.</item> <item>8 d <sups>d</sups>Adjusted for race, gender, income, age, year 1 anxiety.</item> <item>3 Results from Linear Regression Models of Neighborhood Disorder and Social Phobia</item> </ulist> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" /><th align="center">Model 1c (n=172)</th><th align="center">Model 2d (n=164)</th></tr><tr><th align="left" /><th align="center"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center">p</th><th align="center"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center">P</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left">Neighborhood disorder</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.33</td><td align="char" char=".">0.03</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.26</td><td align="char" char=".">0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Social phobia, year 1</td><td align="char" char=".">0.54</td><td align="char" char="."><0.01</td><td align="char" char=".">0.51</td><td align="char" char="."><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Male</td><td align="char" char=".">0.17</td><td align="char" char=".">0.73</td><td align="char" char=".">0.15</td><td align="char" char=".">0.78</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Racea</td><td align="left" /><td align="left" /><td align="left" /><td align="left" /></tr><tr><td align="left"> White (reference)</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Black</td><td align="char" char=".">−1.46</td><td align="char" char="."><0.01</td><td align="char" char=".">−1.34</td><td align="char" char=".">0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Other</td><td align="char" char=".">0.97</td><td align="char" char=".">0.22</td><td align="char" char=".">1.10</td><td align="char" char=".">0.85</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Annual family incomeb</td><td align="char" char=".">0.55</td><td align="char" char=".">0.28</td><td align="char" char=".">0.34</td><td align="char" char=".">0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Age</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.39</td><td align="char" char=".">0.22</td><td align="char" char=".">−0.39</td><td align="char" char=".">0.22</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <ulist> <item>9 a <sups>a</sups><emph>n</emph>=171.</item> <item>10 b <sups>b</sups><emph>n</emph>=165.</item> <item>11 c <sups>c</sups>Adjusted for year 1 social phobia.</item> <item>12 d <sups>d</sups>Adjusted for race, gender, income, age, year 1 anxiety.</item> </ulist> <p>Given the inverse relationship between neighborhood disorder and anxiety two alternative analytic approaches were explored. First, we examined the relationship between neighborhood disorder and GAD using GAD as a dichotomous variable (cutting GAD at the top 10%; Muris, Meesters, & Schouten, [<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref28">19</reflink>]), constricting the GAD outcome to the highly anxious children. The results were similar; neighborhood disorder predicted GAD at year 2 (odds ratio [OR]=0.41, <emph>p</emph>=0.04) after controlling for past year anxiety and demographic characteristics. Second, we extended the analytic model to account for potential confounding variables. We expanded the final adjusted model and controlled for depression and stress. The stress measure included an item related to coping ("found that you could cope with all the things you had to do"), a potentially important mediator between neighborhood disorder and GAD. Depression was measured using the depression scale of the RCADS. Stress and coping were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref29">8</reflink>]). All measures were continuous and there was a moderate correlation between year 2 anxiety and depression (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.70, <emph>p</emph><0.01) and a weaker correlation to stress (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.53, <emph>p</emph><0.01). There was no change in the relationship between anxiety and neighborhood disorder after adjustment stress and depression (<emph>β</emph>=−0.38, <emph>p</emph><0.01) and the inverse relationship between anxiety and neighborhood persisted. There was a positive but statistically insignificant relationship between depression and neighborhood (<emph>β</emph>=0.02, <emph>p</emph>=0.91), and stress and neighborhood disorder (<emph>β</emph>=0.17, <emph>p</emph>=0.56; i.e., as neighborhood disorder increased, stress and depression 1 year later also increased).</p> <hd id="AN0064487211-8">DISCUSSION</hd> <p>This investigation detected a negative relationship between neighborhood disorder and generalized anxiety in sample of urban and suburban youth, namely, as neighborhood disorder increased, the score on the generalized anxiety disorder scale decreased. This relationship was independent of current depression and stress and did not vary as a function of using continuous or dichotomous measures of anxiety with a high‐threshold for classifying anxiety. There was no association between neighborhood disorder and other subscales of anxiety, including social phobia and obsessive‐compulsive disorder. These findings are not consistent with other studies examining the relationship between neighborhood environment and internalizing problems among children and adolescents (Aneshensel & Sucoff, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref30">3</reflink>]; Milam et al., [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref31">18</reflink>]; Xue et al., [<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref32">25</reflink>]). Schaefer‐McDaniel ([<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref33">22</reflink>]), however, used objective measures of neighborhood environment in addition to children's perception of the neighborhood environment and also found a negative association between objectively measured neighborhood indicators of alcohol and drug use (people were selling or using drugs, people were drinking and/or drunk/intoxicated people) and depressive symptoms. Other measures of the neighborhood environment (e.g., neighborhood decay) were unrelated to depressive symptoms. The authors suggest several possible explanations for the negative relationship between alcohol and drug indicators and depressive symptoms: (a) children may not perceive indicators of alcohol and drug use as stressors, (b) children in disordered neighborhoods may be desensitized to these stressors, or (c) the indicators that researchers define as neighborhood stressors may actually seem like positive attributes due to more people present on the block (i.e., natural surveillance).</p> <p>There are alternative hypotheses that explain the current findings. First, children in disordered environments may have valid concern for their safety or well‐being. In this case, the GAD measure would not be sensitive enough to discriminate anxiety from normative concern. It could also be the case that children who have lived in chronically disordered neighborhood environments have developed coping mechanisms and, over time, have become desensitized to the effects of living in these environments. This explanation is consistent with findings from Edlynn, Gaylord‐Harden, Richards, and Miller ([<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref34">10</reflink>]), who found that avoidant coping (avoiding or repressing the stressor) mediated the relationship between community violence exposure and anxiety in a sample of sixth and seventh graders. Alternatively, because GAD is characterized by long‐lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation, it might not be relevant for children who have specific things to worry about in terms of environmental adversity.</p> <p>Limitations of these data include the small sample size (<emph>n</emph>=172), reliance on a self‐reported measure of anxiety, and lack of longitudinal data beyond the 1‐year follow‐up. Despite these limitations, this study did identify an inverse relationship between anxiety and neighborhood disorder. Future investigations in this sample will look at current neighborhood environment and other internalizing and externalizing problems as the children age. In addition, subsequent environmental assessments are planned that will include a large sample of children to better explore potentially important mediating and confounding variables, such as co‐occurring mental disorders and behavioral problems or assets.</p> <ref id="AN0064487211-9"> <title> REFERENCES </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref6" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47 – 87.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref2" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Anderson, S., Cohen, P., Naumova, E., & Must, A. (2006). Association of depression and anxiety disorders with weight change in a prospective community‐based study of children followed up into adulthood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 285 – 291.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib3" idref="ref7" type="bt">3</bibl> <bibtext> Aneshensel, C., & Sucoff, C. (1996). The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 293 – 310.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib4" idref="ref3" type="bt">4</bibl> <bibtext> Bittner, A., Egger, H., Erkanli, A., Costello, E., Foley, D., & Angold, A. (2007). What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1174 – 1183.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib5" idref="ref19" type="bt">5</bibl> <bibtext> Chorpita, B., Moffitt, C., & Gray, J. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, 309 – 322.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib6" idref="ref18" type="bt">6</bibl> <bibtext> Chorpita, B., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L., & Francis, S. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM‐IV anxiety and depression in children: A Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 835 – 855.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib7" idref="ref26" type="bt">7</bibl> <bibtext> Cohen, D., Farley, T., & Mason, K. (2003). Why is poverty unhealthy? Social and physical mediators. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 1631 – 1641.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib8" idref="ref29" type="bt">8</bibl> <bibtext> Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385 – 396.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib9" idref="ref20" type="bt">9</bibl> <bibtext> de Ross, R., Gullone, E., & Chorpita, B. (2002). The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale: A psychometric investigation with Australian youth. Behavior Change, 19, 90 – 101.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Edlynn, E.S., Gaylord‐Harden, N.K., Richards, M.H., & Miller, S.A. (2008). African American inner‐city youth exposed to violence: Coping skills as a moderator of anxiety. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 249 – 258.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Furr‐Holden, C., Campbell, K., Milam, A., Smart, M., Ialongo, N., & Leaf, P. (2010). Metric properties of the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy): An environmental assessment tool for measuring indicators of violence, alcohol, tobacco, and other drug exposures. Evaluation Review, 34, 159 – 184.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Furr‐Holden, C., Milam, A., Reynolds, E., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. (in press). Disordered neighborhood environments and risk‐taking propensity in late childhood through adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Furr‐Holden, C., Smart, M., Pokorni, J., Ialongo, N., Holder, H., & Anthony, J. (2008). The NIfETy method for environmental assessment of neighborhood‐level indicators of alcohol and other drug exposure. Prevention Science, 9, 245 – 255.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1997). What children can tell us about living in a war zone. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Children in a violent society (pp. 32 ‐ 42). New York : The Guilford Press.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Kendall, P., Compton, S., Walkup, J., Birmaher, B., Albano, A., Sherrill, J., ... Piacentini, J. (2010). Clinical characteristics of anxiety disordered youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 360 – 365.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Kovacs, M. (1980). Rating scales to assess depression in preschool children. Acta Paedopsychiatry, 46, 305 – 315.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Lejuez, C., Read, J., Kahler, C., Richards, J., Ramsey, S., Stuart, G., ... Brown, R. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk‐taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 75 – 84.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Milam, A., Furr‐Holden, C., Whitaker, D., Smart, M., Cooley, M., & Leaf, P. (in press). Neighborhood environment and internalizing problems in African American children. Community Mental Health Journal.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Schouten, E. (2002). A brief questionnaire of DSM‐IV‐defined anxiety and depression symptoms among children. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 430 – 442.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Perkins, D., Brown, B., & Taylor, R. (1996). The ecology of empowerment: predicting participation in community organizations. The Journal of Social Issues, 52, 85 – 110.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Reynolds, C., & Richmond, B. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271 – 280.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Schaefer‐McDaniel, N. (2009). Neighborhood stressors, perceived neighborhood quality, and child mental health in New York City. Health & Place, 15, 148 – 155.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Spence, S. (1997). The structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 280 – 297.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Woodward, L., & Fergusson, D. (2001). Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1086 – 1093.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Xue, Y., Leventhal, T., Brooks‐Gunn, J., & Earls, F. (2005). Neighborhood residence and mental health problems of 5‐ to 11‐year‐olds. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 554 – 563.</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <aug> <p>By C. Debra M. Furr‐Holden; Adam J. Milam; Kevin C. Young; Laura MacPherson and Carl W. Lejuez</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author</p> </aug> <nolink nlid="nl1" bibid="bib15" firstref="ref1"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl2" bibid="bib24" firstref="ref4"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl3" bibid="bib14" firstref="ref5"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl4" bibid="bib18" firstref="ref8"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl5" bibid="bib22" firstref="ref9"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl6" bibid="bib25" firstref="ref10"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl7" bibid="bib11" firstref="ref14"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl8" bibid="bib17" firstref="ref17"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl9" bibid="bib16" firstref="ref21"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl10" bibid="bib21" firstref="ref22"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl11" bibid="bib23" firstref="ref23"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl12" bibid="bib13" firstref="ref24"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl13" bibid="bib20" firstref="ref27"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl14" bibid="bib19" firstref="ref28"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl15" bibid="bib10" firstref="ref34"></nolink>
Header DbId: eric
DbLabel: ERIC
An: EJ940738
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Exposure to Hazardous Neighborhood Environments in Late Childhood and Anxiety
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Furr-Holden%2C+C%2E+Debra+M%2E%22">Furr-Holden, C. Debra M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Milam%2C+Adam+J%2E%22">Milam, Adam J.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Young%2C+Kevin+C%2E%22">Young, Kevin C.</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Community+Psychology%22"><i>Journal of Community Psychology</i></searchLink>. Sep 2011 39(7):876-883.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Tel: 800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: PhysDesc
  Label: Physical Description
  Group: PhysDesc
  Data: PDF
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 8
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2011
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety+Disorders%22">Anxiety Disorders</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neighborhoods%22">Neighborhoods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regression+%28Statistics%29%22">Regression (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Separation+Anxiety%22">Separation Anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Community+Characteristics%22">Community Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Correlation%22">Correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+Health%22">Mental Health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Suburbs%22">Suburbs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measures+%28Individuals%29%22">Measures (Individuals)</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1002/jcop.20461
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0090-4392
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This investigation examined the relationship between living in disordered neighborhoods during childhood and anxiety 1 year later. Objective measures of neighborhood environment and individual data from a study of mental health in suburban children were utilized. Linear regression models were used to assess relationships between neighborhood hazard and anxiety. Childhood neighborhood disorder was inversely associated with generalized anxiety ([beta]=-0.037, p less than 0.01) and social phobia ([beta]=-0.33, p=0.03), but not other forms of anxiety including separation anxiety or panic disorder. We suspect that children with early exposure to disordered neighborhoods are either desensitized to toxic environments or that anxiety is not well specified for this population. (Contains 3 tables.)
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: Ref
  Label: Number of References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: 25
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2011
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ940738
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ940738
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/jcop.20461
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 8
        StartPage: 876
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety Disorders
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neighborhoods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Regression (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Separation Anxiety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Community Characteristics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Correlation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mental Health
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Suburbs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Measures (Individuals)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Exposure to Hazardous Neighborhood Environments in Late Childhood and Anxiety
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Furr-Holden, C. Debra M.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Milam, Adam J.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Young, Kevin C.
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Type: published
              Y: 2011
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0090-4392
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 39
            – Type: issue
              Value: 7
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of Community Psychology
              Type: main
ResultId 1