How can non-inferiority studies with mortality end points be ethically justified?

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Title: How can non-inferiority studies with mortality end points be ethically justified?
Authors: Willems D; Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Tan H; Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Dagres N; Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Berlin, Germany., Bak MAR; Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands marieke.bak@amsterdamumc.nl.
Source: Journal of medical ethics [J Med Ethics] 2026 Jun 25; Vol. 52 (6), pp. 374-378. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 25.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7513619 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1473-4257 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03066800 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Med Ethics Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Willems+D%22">Willems D</searchLink>; Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tan+H%22">Tan H</searchLink>; Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dagres+N%22">Dagres N</searchLink>; Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Berlin, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bak+MAR%22">Bak MAR</searchLink>; Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands marieke.bak@amsterdamumc.nl.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227513619%22">Journal of medical ethics</searchLink> [J Med Ethics] 2026 Jun 25; Vol. 52 (6), pp. 374-378. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 25.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22BMJ+Publishing+Group%22">BMJ Publishing Group </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>7513619 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1473-4257 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2203066800%22">03066800 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Med Ethics <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1136/jme-2024-110517
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 374
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      – TitleFull: How can non-inferiority studies with mortality end points be ethically justified?
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              Text: 2026 Jun 25
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              Y: 2026
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