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Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology: a comprehensive review of genetic, environmental, and immunological drivers.

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Title: Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology: a comprehensive review of genetic, environmental, and immunological drivers.
Authors: Ghafoor DD; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq. dlzar.ghafoor@komar.edu.iq.; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq. dlzar.ghafoor@komar.edu.iq., Ahmad DO; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq., Najmuldeen HH; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan, Iraq., Mohammed SJ; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq., Jalal PJ; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq., Mustafa FS; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq., Alghofaili F; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Majmaah University, 11952, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia., Zangana BA; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan, Iraq., Al-Bajalan SJ; College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.
Source: Inflammopharmacology [Inflammopharmacology] 2025 Dec; Vol. 33 (12), pp. 7269-7314. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 08.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Birkhäuser Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 9112626 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1568-5608 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09254692 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Inflammopharmacology Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology: a comprehensive review of genetic, environmental, and immunological drivers.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ghafoor+DD%22">Ghafoor DD</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq. dlzar.ghafoor@komar.edu.iq.; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq. dlzar.ghafoor@komar.edu.iq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ahmad+DO%22">Ahmad DO</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Najmuldeen+HH%22">Najmuldeen HH</searchLink>; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan, Iraq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mohammed+SJ%22">Mohammed SJ</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jalal+PJ%22">Jalal PJ</searchLink>; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mustafa+FS%22">Mustafa FS</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Alghofaili+F%22">Alghofaili F</searchLink>; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Majmaah University, 11952, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zangana+BA%22">Zangana BA</searchLink>; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan, Iraq.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Al-Bajalan+SJ%22">Al-Bajalan SJ</searchLink>; College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229112626%22">Inflammopharmacology</searchLink> [Inflammopharmacology] 2025 Dec; Vol. 33 (12), pp. 7269-7314. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Nov 08.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Birkhäuser%22">Birkhäuser </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Switzerland <i>NLM ID: </i>9112626 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1568-5608 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2209254692%22">09254692 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Inflammopharmacology <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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        Value: 10.1007/s10787-025-02012-5
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              Text: 2025 Dec
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