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In a shifting policy era: California provider knowledge and practice of medical exemption laws during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Title: In a shifting policy era: California provider knowledge and practice of medical exemption laws during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Authors: Schuh HB; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: hschuh1@jhu.edu., Delamater P; Department of Geography and Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA., Proveaux TM; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA., Dudley MZ; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA., Buttenheim AM; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Schwartz JL; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA., Klein NP; Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Oakland, CA, USA., Goddard K; Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Oakland, CA, USA., Patel KM; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA., Omer SB; Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA., Salmon DA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health Behavior Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Source: Vaccine [Vaccine] 2026 Jan 01; Vol. 69, pp. 127993. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 19.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8406899 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-2518 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0264410X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Vaccine Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schuh+HB%22">Schuh HB</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: hschuh1@jhu.edu.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Delamater+P%22">Delamater P</searchLink>; Department of Geography and Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Proveaux+TM%22">Proveaux TM</searchLink>; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dudley+MZ%22">Dudley MZ</searchLink>; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Buttenheim+AM%22">Buttenheim AM</searchLink>; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schwartz+JL%22">Schwartz JL</searchLink>; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Klein+NP%22">Klein NP</searchLink>; Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Oakland, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Goddard+K%22">Goddard K</searchLink>; Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Oakland, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Patel+KM%22">Patel KM</searchLink>; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Omer+SB%22">Omer SB</searchLink>; Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Salmon+DA%22">Salmon DA</searchLink>; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health Behavior Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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