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Within- and between-family genetic effects on educational achievement vary across countries and ages.

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Title: Within- and between-family genetic effects on educational achievement vary across countries and ages.
Authors: Starr A; Department of Education, University of York, York, UK. a.starr@vu.nl.; Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.starr@vu.nl.; Research Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.starr@vu.nl.; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.starr@vu.nl., Ruks M; Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.; Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany., Giannelis A; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Willoughby E; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Pettersson O; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden., Pahnke CKL; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany., Maj C; Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.; Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany., Andreas A; Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany., Ahlskog R; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden., Arseneault L; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK., Fisher HL; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.; ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK., Forstner AJ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany., Kandler C; Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.; Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany., McGue M; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Nöthen MM; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany., Oskarsson S; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden., Spinath FM; Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany., Vrieze S; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Wertz J; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., von Stumm S; Department of Education, University of York, York, UK.
Source: Molecular psychiatry [Mol Psychiatry] 2026 Apr; Vol. 31 (4), pp. 2029-2037. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 20.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Twin Study
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Specialist Journals Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9607835 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-5578 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13594184 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Psychiatry Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Starr+A%22">Starr A</searchLink>; Department of Education, University of York, York, UK. a.starr@vu.nl.; Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.starr@vu.nl.; Research Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.starr@vu.nl.; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.starr@vu.nl.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruks+M%22">Ruks M</searchLink>; Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.; Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Giannelis+A%22">Giannelis A</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Willoughby+E%22">Willoughby E</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pettersson+O%22">Pettersson O</searchLink>; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pahnke+CKL%22">Pahnke CKL</searchLink>; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Maj+C%22">Maj C</searchLink>; Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.; Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Andreas+A%22">Andreas A</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ahlskog+R%22">Ahlskog R</searchLink>; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Arseneault+L%22">Arseneault L</searchLink>; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fisher+HL%22">Fisher HL</searchLink>; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.; ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Forstner+AJ%22">Forstner AJ</searchLink>; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kandler+C%22">Kandler C</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.; Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McGue+M%22">McGue M</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nöthen+MM%22">Nöthen MM</searchLink>; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Oskarsson+S%22">Oskarsson S</searchLink>; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Spinath+FM%22">Spinath FM</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vrieze+S%22">Vrieze S</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wertz+J%22">Wertz J</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22von+Stumm+S%22">von Stumm S</searchLink>; Department of Education, University of York, York, UK.
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