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Unmeasured confounding and misclassification in studies estimating vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation and death using electronic health records (EHRs): an evaluation of a multi-country European retrospective cohort study.

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Title: Unmeasured confounding and misclassification in studies estimating vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation and death using electronic health records (EHRs): an evaluation of a multi-country European retrospective cohort study.
Authors: Humphreys J; Epiconcept, Paris, France. j.humphreys@epiconcept.fr., Nicolay N; Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Immunisation, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden., Braeye T; Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14., Elsene, 1050, Belgium., Van Evercooren I; Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14., Elsene, 1050, Belgium., Hansen CH; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark., Moustsen-Helms IR; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark., Sacco C; Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.; European Programme On Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden., Mateo-Urdiales A; Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy., Castilla J; Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain., Martínez-Baz I; Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain., Machado A; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, 1600-609, Portugal., Soares P; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, 1600-609, Portugal., de Gier B; Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands., Meijerink H; Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway., Monge S; Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.; CIBER On Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain., Bacci S; Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Immunisation, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden., Nunes B; Epiconcept, Paris, France.
Corporate Authors: VEBIS-EHR working group
Source: BMC medical research methodology [BMC Med Res Methodol] 2025 Dec 17; Vol. 26 (1), pp. 9. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 17.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100968545 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2288 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712288 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Med Res Methodol Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: Unmeasured confounding and misclassification in studies estimating vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation and death using electronic health records (EHRs): an evaluation of a multi-country European retrospective cohort study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Humphreys+J%22">Humphreys J</searchLink>; Epiconcept, Paris, France. j.humphreys@epiconcept.fr.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nicolay+N%22">Nicolay N</searchLink>; Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Immunisation, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Braeye+T%22">Braeye T</searchLink>; Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14., Elsene, 1050, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Van+Evercooren+I%22">Van Evercooren I</searchLink>; Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14., Elsene, 1050, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hansen+CH%22">Hansen CH</searchLink>; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Moustsen-Helms+IR%22">Moustsen-Helms IR</searchLink>; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sacco+C%22">Sacco C</searchLink>; Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.; European Programme On Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mateo-Urdiales+A%22">Mateo-Urdiales A</searchLink>; Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Castilla+J%22">Castilla J</searchLink>; Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Martínez-Baz+I%22">Martínez-Baz I</searchLink>; Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Machado+A%22">Machado A</searchLink>; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, 1600-609, Portugal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Soares+P%22">Soares P</searchLink>; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, 1600-609, Portugal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22de+Gier+B%22">de Gier B</searchLink>; Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Meijerink+H%22">Meijerink H</searchLink>; Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Monge+S%22">Monge S</searchLink>; Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.; CIBER On Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bacci+S%22">Bacci S</searchLink>; Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Immunisation, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nunes+B%22">Nunes B</searchLink>; Epiconcept, Paris, France.
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