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Temporal and spatial composition of the tumor microenvironment predicts response to immune checkpoint inhibition in metastatic TNBC.

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Title: Temporal and spatial composition of the tumor microenvironment predicts response to immune checkpoint inhibition in metastatic TNBC.
Authors: Greenwald NF; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Nederlof I; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Sowers C; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Ding DY; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Park S; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Kong A; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Houlahan KE; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Varra SR; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., de Graaf M; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Geurts V; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Liu CC; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Ranek JS; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Voorwerk L; Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., de Maaker M; Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Kagel A; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., McCaffrey E; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Khan A; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; Department of Computational Biology, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, UAE., Yeh CY; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Fullaway CC; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Khair Z; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Simon BG; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Bai Y; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA., Piyadasa H; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Risom T; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Delmastro A; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Hartmann FJ; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Systems Immunology & Single-Cell Biology, Heidelberg, Germany., Mangiante L; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Sotomayor-Vivas C; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Bendall SC; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Schumacher TN; Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.; Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands., Ma Z; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., Bosse M; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA., van de Vijver MJ; Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Tibshirani R; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Horlings HM; Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Curtis C; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. cncurtis@stanford.edu.; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. cncurtis@stanford.edu.; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. cncurtis@stanford.edu.; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. cncurtis@stanford.edu.; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. cncurtis@stanford.edu., Kok M; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. m.kok@nki.nl.; Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. m.kok@nki.nl., Angelo M; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. mangelo0@stanford.edu.
Source: Nature cancer [Nat Cancer] 2026 Mar; Vol. 7 (3), pp. 435-450. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 18.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Clinical Trial, Phase II
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101761119 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2662-1347 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 26621347 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Cancer Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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