Influence of inflammatory and metabolic factors on keratoconus risk: a causal inference analysis.

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Title: Influence of inflammatory and metabolic factors on keratoconus risk: a causal inference analysis.
Authors: Hysi PG; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk.; Academic Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk.; Sørlandet Sykehus Arendal, Arenda, Norway. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk.; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk., Hardcastle AJ; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK., Davidson AE; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK., Szczotka-Flynn L; Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA., Khawaja AP; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Liskova P; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.; Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic., Iyengar S; Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA., Hammond CJ; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.; Academic Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK.; Sørlandet Sykehus Arendal, Arenda, Norway., Tuft SJ; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Source: Eye (London, England) [Eye (Lond)] 2026 Apr; Vol. 40 (6), pp. 842-847. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 19.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8703986 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-5454 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0950222X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eye (Lond) Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hysi+PG%22">Hysi PG</searchLink>; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk.; Academic Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk.; Sørlandet Sykehus Arendal, Arenda, Norway. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk.; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. pirro.hysi@kcl.ac.uk.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hardcastle+AJ%22">Hardcastle AJ</searchLink>; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Davidson+AE%22">Davidson AE</searchLink>; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Szczotka-Flynn+L%22">Szczotka-Flynn L</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khawaja+AP%22">Khawaja AP</searchLink>; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liskova+P%22">Liskova P</searchLink>; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.; Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Iyengar+S%22">Iyengar S</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hammond+CJ%22">Hammond CJ</searchLink>; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.; Academic Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK.; Sørlandet Sykehus Arendal, Arenda, Norway.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tuft+SJ%22">Tuft SJ</searchLink>; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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              Text: 2026 Apr
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