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Serotype-specific pneumococcal invasiveness: a global meta-analysis of paired estimates of disease incidence and carriage prevalence.

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Title: Serotype-specific pneumococcal invasiveness: a global meta-analysis of paired estimates of disease incidence and carriage prevalence.
Authors: Gallagher KE; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK. Electronic address: katherine.gallagher@lshtm.ac.uk., Odiwour F; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya., Bottomley C; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK., Ojal J; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya., Adamu A; International Health and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Muthumbi E; Department of Population Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya., Kagucia EW; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya., Hammitt LL; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA., Massora S; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique., Sigaúque B; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique., Chaúque A; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique., Vilanculos L; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique., Verani JR; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA., da Gloria Carvalho M; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA., von Gottberg A; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (CMID), School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Kleynhans J; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Madhi SA; South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Olwagen CP; South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Mackenzie G; The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK., Salaudeen R; The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK., Gierke R; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA., Kobayashi M; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA., Pelton S; Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Yildirim I; Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA., Thomas S; Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA., Tunali A; Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA., Farley M; Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA., Swarthout TD; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi., Kalizang'oma A; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi., Heyderman RS; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi., French N; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK., Choi Y; UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK., Andrews N; UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK., Ladhani S; UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK., Miller E; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK., Scott JAG; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
Source: The Lancet. Microbe [Lancet Microbe] 2026 Mar; Vol. 7 (3), pp. 101301. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 23.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101769019 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2666-5247 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 26665247 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Lancet Microbe Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Serotype-specific pneumococcal invasiveness: a global meta-analysis of paired estimates of disease incidence and carriage prevalence.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gallagher+KE%22">Gallagher KE</searchLink>; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK. Electronic address: katherine.gallagher@lshtm.ac.uk.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Odiwour+F%22">Odiwour F</searchLink>; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bottomley+C%22">Bottomley C</searchLink>; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ojal+J%22">Ojal J</searchLink>; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Adamu+A%22">Adamu A</searchLink>; International Health and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Muthumbi+E%22">Muthumbi E</searchLink>; Department of Population Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kagucia+EW%22">Kagucia EW</searchLink>; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hammitt+LL%22">Hammitt LL</searchLink>; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Massora+S%22">Massora S</searchLink>; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sigaúque+B%22">Sigaúque B</searchLink>; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chaúque+A%22">Chaúque A</searchLink>; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vilanculos+L%22">Vilanculos L</searchLink>; Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhica, Mozambique.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Verani+JR%22">Verani JR</searchLink>; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22da+Gloria+Carvalho+M%22">da Gloria Carvalho M</searchLink>; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22von+Gottberg+A%22">von Gottberg A</searchLink>; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (CMID), School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kleynhans+J%22">Kleynhans J</searchLink>; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Madhi+SA%22">Madhi SA</searchLink>; South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Olwagen+CP%22">Olwagen CP</searchLink>; South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mackenzie+G%22">Mackenzie G</searchLink>; The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Salaudeen+R%22">Salaudeen R</searchLink>; The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gierke+R%22">Gierke R</searchLink>; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kobayashi+M%22">Kobayashi M</searchLink>; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pelton+S%22">Pelton S</searchLink>; Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yildirim+I%22">Yildirim I</searchLink>; Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Thomas+S%22">Thomas S</searchLink>; Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tunali+A%22">Tunali A</searchLink>; Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Farley+M%22">Farley M</searchLink>; Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Swarthout+TD%22">Swarthout TD</searchLink>; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kalizang'oma+A%22">Kalizang'oma A</searchLink>; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Heyderman+RS%22">Heyderman RS</searchLink>; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22French+N%22">French N</searchLink>; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Choi+Y%22">Choi Y</searchLink>; UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Andrews+N%22">Andrews N</searchLink>; UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ladhani+S%22">Ladhani S</searchLink>; UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Miller+E%22">Miller E</searchLink>; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Scott+JAG%22">Scott JAG</searchLink>; Epidemiology & Demography Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), Kilifi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
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