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Understanding pre-training data effects in retinal foundation models using two large fundus cohorts.

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Title: Understanding pre-training data effects in retinal foundation models using two large fundus cohorts.
Authors: Zhou Y; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk.; Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk.; Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk., Wang Z; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Wu Y; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Ong AY; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Wagner SK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Ruffell E; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK., Chia MA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia., Guan Z; State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation & Prevention and Treatment of Oesophageal Cancer, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Ju L; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Engelmann J; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Merle DA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Li T; School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Shu J; School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Nderitu P; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Zou K; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health; and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore., Goh JHL; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health; and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore., Hou Q; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health; and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore., Liu X; College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK., Wang Y; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China., Tham YC; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health; and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore., Altmann A; Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK., Cheung CY; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Alexander DC; Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK., Topol EJ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA., Denniston AK; College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK., Wong TY; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China.; School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Sheng B; School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn., Keane PA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. p.keane@ucl.ac.uk.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. p.keane@ucl.ac.uk.
Source: Nature communications [Nat Commun] 2026 Feb 28; Vol. 17 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 28.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101528555 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2041-1723 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20411723 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Commun Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+Y%22">Zhou Y</searchLink>; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk.; Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk.; Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK. yukun.zhou.19@ucl.ac.uk.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+Z%22">Wang Z</searchLink>; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wu+Y%22">Wu Y</searchLink>; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ong+AY%22">Ong AY</searchLink>; 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Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Altmann+A%22">Altmann A</searchLink>; Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cheung+CY%22">Cheung CY</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Alexander+DC%22">Alexander DC</searchLink>; Hawkes Institute, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Topol+EJ%22">Topol EJ</searchLink>; Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Denniston+AK%22">Denniston AK</searchLink>; College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; 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