Polygenic scores for executive functioning as predictors of performance improvements after repeated testing in major psychiatric disorders.

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Title: Polygenic scores for executive functioning as predictors of performance improvements after repeated testing in major psychiatric disorders.
Authors: Navarro-Flores A; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany., Heilbronner M; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany., Rafiee H; School of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy., Wendel B; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany., Papiol S; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany., Adorjan K; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Budde M; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany., Oraki Kohshour M; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran., Schulte EC; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.; Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany., Reich-Erkelenz D; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany., Senner F; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Centres for Psychiatry Suedwuerttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany., Anghelescu IG; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Institute Berlin, 14050, Berlin, Germany., Arolt V; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149, Munster, Germany., Baune BT; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149, Munster, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia., Dannlowski U; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149, Munster, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Jena Magdeburg Halle, Magdeburg, Germany.; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Site Jena Magdeburg Halle, Magdeburg, Germany., Dietrich DE; AMEOS Clinical Center Hildesheim, 31135, Hildesheim, Germany.; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559, Hannover, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany., Fallgatter AJ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany., Figge C; Karl-Jaspers Clinic, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, 26160, Oldenburg, Germany., Lang FU; Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, 89312, Günzburg, Germany., Juckel G; Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, 44791, Bochum, Germany., Konrad C; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum, 27356, Rotenburg, Germany., Reimer J; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.; Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Itzehoe, Itzehoe, Germany., Reininghaus EZ; Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria., Schmauß M; Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, Augsburg University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany., Schmitt A; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05453-010, Brazil., Spitzer C; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147, Rostock, Germany., Wiltfang J; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany.; Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal., Zimmermann J; Psychiatrieverbund Oldenburger Land gGmbH, Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, 26160, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany., Falkai P; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany., Schulze TG; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA., Heilbronner U; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. urs.heilbronner@med.uni-muenchen.de.
Source: Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2026 Mar 16; Vol. 16 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 16.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Navarro-Flores+A%22">Navarro-Flores A</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Heilbronner+M%22">Heilbronner M</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rafiee+H%22">Rafiee H</searchLink>; School of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wendel+B%22">Wendel B</searchLink>; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Papiol+S%22">Papiol S</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Adorjan+K%22">Adorjan K</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Budde+M%22">Budde M</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Oraki+Kohshour+M%22">Oraki Kohshour M</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schulte+EC%22">Schulte EC</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.; Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reich-Erkelenz+D%22">Reich-Erkelenz D</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Senner+F%22">Senner F</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Centres for Psychiatry Suedwuerttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Anghelescu+IG%22">Anghelescu IG</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Institute Berlin, 14050, Berlin, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Arolt+V%22">Arolt V</searchLink>; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149, Munster, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Baune+BT%22">Baune BT</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149, Munster, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dannlowski+U%22">Dannlowski U</searchLink>; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149, Munster, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Jena Magdeburg Halle, Magdeburg, Germany.; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Site Jena Magdeburg Halle, Magdeburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dietrich+DE%22">Dietrich DE</searchLink>; AMEOS Clinical Center Hildesheim, 31135, Hildesheim, Germany.; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559, Hannover, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fallgatter+AJ%22">Fallgatter AJ</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Figge+C%22">Figge C</searchLink>; Karl-Jaspers Clinic, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, 26160, Oldenburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lang+FU%22">Lang FU</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, 89312, Günzburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Juckel+G%22">Juckel G</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, 44791, Bochum, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Konrad+C%22">Konrad C</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum, 27356, Rotenburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reimer+J%22">Reimer J</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.; Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Itzehoe, Itzehoe, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reininghaus+EZ%22">Reininghaus EZ</searchLink>; Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schmauß+M%22">Schmauß M</searchLink>; Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, Augsburg University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schmitt+A%22">Schmitt A</searchLink>; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05453-010, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Spitzer+C%22">Spitzer C</searchLink>; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147, Rostock, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wiltfang+J%22">Wiltfang J</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany.; Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zimmermann+J%22">Zimmermann J</searchLink>; Psychiatrieverbund Oldenburger Land gGmbH, Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, 26160, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Falkai+P%22">Falkai P</searchLink>; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schulze+TG%22">Schulze TG</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Heilbronner+U%22">Heilbronner U</searchLink>; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. urs.heilbronner@med.uni-muenchen.de.
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