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Beliefs on social distancing and face mask practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study.

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Title: Beliefs on social distancing and face mask practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study.
Authors: Harapan H; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia., Yufika A; Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia., Anwar S; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia., Ophinni Y; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02139, USA.; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan., Yamada C; Department of Environmental Coexistence, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8304, Japan., Sharun K; Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, India., Gachabayov M; Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Emergency Hospital, Vladimir, 600014, Russian Federation., Fahriani M; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia., Husnah M; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Master Program of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia., Raad R; Faculty of Medicine and General Surgery, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, 407, Sudan., Khiri NM; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Omdurman, 11111, Sudan., Abdalla RY; Faculty of Medicine, University of Bahri, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan., Kacem W; Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar, Tunis, 2074, Tunisia., Teyeb Z; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 2074, Tunisia., Aloui K; Faculty of Dental Medicine Monastir, University of Tunis El Manar, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia., Ferjani M; Faculty of Dental Medicine Monastir, University of Tunis El Manar, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia., Deeb DA; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, El-sharkia, 44519, Egypt., Emad D; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Nasr City, Cairo, 1181, Egypt., Abbas KS; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21131, Egypt., Panchawagh S; Department of General Medicine, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune, 516599001, India., Anandu S; Division of Veterinary Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India., Haque MA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yanan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China., Ferreto LE; Department of Public Health and Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Western Paraná State University, Francisco Beltrão, 85601-970, Brazil., Briones MF; Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, 4781218, Chile., Morales RB; Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, 4781218, Chile., Lazcano-Díaz S; Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, 4781218, Chile., Durosinmi A; Covenant University Medical Center, Ijebu Ode, Ogun, 120101, Nigeria., Adejumo EN; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, 121103, Nigeria., Babadi E; Research Fellow, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 14604, USA., Kakemam E; Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516599001, Iran., Ullah I; Department of Internal Medicine, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan., Malik NI; Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan., Rosiello F; Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza-University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy., Emran TB; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh., Nainu F; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia., Wendt GW; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Western Paraná State University, Francisco Beltrão, 85601-970, Brazil., Arab-Zozani M; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, 97, Iran., Wagner AL; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA., Mudatsir M; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
Source: F1000Research [F1000Res] 2026 Mar 05; Vol. 11, pp. 206. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 05 (Print Publication: 2022).
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: F1000 Research Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101594320 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2046-1402 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20461402 NLM ISO Abbreviation: F1000Res Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Harapan+H%22">Harapan H</searchLink>; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yufika+A%22">Yufika A</searchLink>; Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Anwar+S%22">Anwar S</searchLink>; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ophinni+Y%22">Ophinni Y</searchLink>; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02139, USA.; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yamada+C%22">Yamada C</searchLink>; Department of Environmental Coexistence, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8304, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sharun+K%22">Sharun K</searchLink>; Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gachabayov+M%22">Gachabayov M</searchLink>; Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Emergency Hospital, Vladimir, 600014, Russian Federation.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fahriani+M%22">Fahriani M</searchLink>; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Husnah+M%22">Husnah M</searchLink>; Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.; Master Program of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Raad+R%22">Raad R</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine and General Surgery, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, 407, Sudan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khiri+NM%22">Khiri NM</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Omdurman, 11111, Sudan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Abdalla+RY%22">Abdalla RY</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, University of Bahri, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kacem+W%22">Kacem W</searchLink>; Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar, Tunis, 2074, Tunisia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Teyeb+Z%22">Teyeb Z</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 2074, Tunisia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Aloui+K%22">Aloui K</searchLink>; Faculty of Dental Medicine Monastir, University of Tunis El Manar, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ferjani+M%22">Ferjani M</searchLink>; Faculty of Dental Medicine Monastir, University of Tunis El Manar, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Deeb+DA%22">Deeb DA</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, El-sharkia, 44519, Egypt.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Emad+D%22">Emad D</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Nasr City, Cairo, 1181, Egypt.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Abbas+KS%22">Abbas KS</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21131, Egypt.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Panchawagh+S%22">Panchawagh S</searchLink>; Department of General Medicine, Smt. 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