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Complications, outcomes, and implications of a prolonged vegetative state in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective international cohort study.

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Title: Complications, outcomes, and implications of a prolonged vegetative state in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective international cohort study.
Authors: Guasp M; Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: guasp@clinic.cat., Simabukuro MM; Division of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil., Muñoz-Sánchez G; Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Brenner J; Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands., Wurdack K; Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany., Wang K; Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China., Lalive PH; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland., Olivé-Cirera G; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain., Yeung J; Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China., Wandinger KP; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany., Macher S; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Di Liberto G; Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland., Lancaster E; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Casadevall T; Department of Neurology, Hospital Comarcal Sant Jaume de Calella, Calella, Spain., Martínez-González MJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain., Fernández-Carrasco JP; Department of Neurology, Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile., Shibata M; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan., Fukao E; Department of Neurology, Showa General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan., Mishima T; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, Japan., Nakagawa H; Neurology Department, Kagoshima City Medical Association Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan., Takizawa T; Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan., Shimohama S; Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan., Izawa Y; Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan., Neshige S; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan., Borràs R; Medical Statistics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain., Aguilar E; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain., Marmolejo L; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain., Planagumà J; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain., Heller A; Neuroimmunology Division, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Tojima M; Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan., Ikeda A; Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan., Wu D; Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China., Spatola M; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain., Blanco Y; Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain., Du Pasquier R; Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland., Sühs KW; Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany., Leypoldt F; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany., Höftberger R; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Finke C; Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany., Titulaer MJ; Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands., Armangué T; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Spain., Graus F; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain., Iizuka T; Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan., Dalmau J; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CaixaResearch Institute (CRI), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: jdalmau@clinic.cat.
Corporate Authors: International Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis Study Group
Source: The Lancet. Neurology [Lancet Neurol] 2026 Apr; Vol. 25 (4), pp. 368-378.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Multicenter Study
Journal Info: Publisher: Lancet Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101139309 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1474-4465 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14744422 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Lancet Neurol Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guasp+M%22">Guasp M</searchLink>; Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. 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Medical Statistics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Aguilar+E%22">Aguilar E</searchLink>; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Marmolejo+L%22">Marmolejo L</searchLink>; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Planagumà+J%22">Planagumà J</searchLink>; Neuroimmunology Program, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Heller+A%22">Heller A</searchLink>; Neuroimmunology Division, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tojima+M%22">Tojima M</searchLink>; 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