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Bias due to interval censored outcomes in a study of flare risk after hydroxychloroquine taper/cessation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

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Title: Bias due to interval censored outcomes in a study of flare risk after hydroxychloroquine taper/cessation in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: Kaddoura R; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada., Bernatsky S; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: sasha.bernatsky@mcgill.ca., Beauchamp ME; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada., Guerra SF; Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada., Almeida-Brasil CC; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada., Hanly JG; Division of Rheumatology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada., Urowitz M; Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Clarke AE; Division of Rheumatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada., Ruiz-Irastorza G; Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain., Gordon C; Rheumatology Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Ramsey-Goldman R; Medicine/Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA., Petri MA; Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA., Ginzler EM; Medicine/Rheumatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA., Wallace DJ; Cedars-Sinai/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Bae SC; Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul, South Korea., Romero-Diaz J; Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico., Dooley MA; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA., Peschken C; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada., Isenberg D; Department of Ageing, Rheumatology and Regenerative Medicine University College London, London, UK., Manzi S; Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Jacobsen S; Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark., Lim SS; School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA., Nived O; Department of Clinical Science, Rheumatology, Lund University Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden., Jönsen A; Department of Clinical Science, Rheumatology, Lund University Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden., Kamen DL; Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA., Aranow C; Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory, Manhasset, NY, USA., Sánchez-Guerrero J; Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Gladman DD; Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Fortin PR; Medicine-Rheumatology, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada., Alarcón GS; Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA., Merrill JT; Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Ok, USA., Kalunian K; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA., Ramos-Casals M; Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Zoma AA; Lanarkshire Centre for Rheumatology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, UK., Askanase AD; Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA., Khamashta M; Rayne Institute, St Thomas Hospital, London, UK., Bruce IN; Arc Epidemiology Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK., Inanc M; Internal Medicine Rheumatology, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey., Lukusa L; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada., Abrahamowicz M; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
Source: Journal of clinical epidemiology [J Clin Epidemiol] 2026 Jul; Vol. 195, pp. 112261. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 30.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8801383 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-5921 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08954356 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Clin Epidemiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Bias due to interval censored outcomes in a study of flare risk after hydroxychloroquine taper/cessation in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Electronic address: sasha.bernatsky@mcgill.ca.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Beauchamp+ME%22">Beauchamp ME</searchLink>; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guerra+SF%22">Guerra SF</searchLink>; Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Almeida-Brasil+CC%22">Almeida-Brasil CC</searchLink>; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hanly+JG%22">Hanly JG</searchLink>; Division of Rheumatology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Urowitz+M%22">Urowitz M</searchLink>; Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Clarke+AE%22">Clarke AE</searchLink>; Division of Rheumatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruiz-Irastorza+G%22">Ruiz-Irastorza G</searchLink>; Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gordon+C%22">Gordon C</searchLink>; Rheumatology Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ramsey-Goldman+R%22">Ramsey-Goldman R</searchLink>; Medicine/Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Petri+MA%22">Petri MA</searchLink>; Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ginzler+EM%22">Ginzler EM</searchLink>; Medicine/Rheumatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wallace+DJ%22">Wallace DJ</searchLink>; Cedars-Sinai/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bae+SC%22">Bae SC</searchLink>; Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul, South Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Romero-Diaz+J%22">Romero-Diaz J</searchLink>; Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dooley+MA%22">Dooley MA</searchLink>; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Peschken+C%22">Peschken C</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Isenberg+D%22">Isenberg D</searchLink>; Department of Ageing, Rheumatology and Regenerative Medicine University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Manzi+S%22">Manzi S</searchLink>; Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jacobsen+S%22">Jacobsen S</searchLink>; Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lim+SS%22">Lim SS</searchLink>; School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nived+O%22">Nived O</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Science, Rheumatology, Lund University Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jönsen+A%22">Jönsen A</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Science, Rheumatology, Lund University Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kamen+DL%22">Kamen DL</searchLink>; Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Aranow+C%22">Aranow C</searchLink>; Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory, Manhasset, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sánchez-Guerrero+J%22">Sánchez-Guerrero J</searchLink>; Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gladman+DD%22">Gladman DD</searchLink>; Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Center for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fortin+PR%22">Fortin PR</searchLink>; Medicine-Rheumatology, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Alarcón+GS%22">Alarcón GS</searchLink>; 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Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Merrill+JT%22">Merrill JT</searchLink>; Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Ok, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kalunian+K%22">Kalunian K</searchLink>; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ramos-Casals+M%22">Ramos-Casals M</searchLink>; Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zoma+AA%22">Zoma AA</searchLink>; Lanarkshire Centre for Rheumatology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Askanase+AD%22">Askanase AD</searchLink>; Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khamashta+M%22">Khamashta M</searchLink>; Rayne Institute, St Thomas Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bruce+IN%22">Bruce IN</searchLink>; Arc Epidemiology Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Inanc+M%22">Inanc M</searchLink>; Internal Medicine Rheumatology, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lukusa+L%22">Lukusa L</searchLink>; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Abrahamowicz+M%22">Abrahamowicz M</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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