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Substance use patterns in elite athletes: a scoping review of alcohol, performance-enhancing drugs and other psychoactive substances.

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Title: Substance use patterns in elite athletes: a scoping review of alcohol, performance-enhancing drugs and other psychoactive substances.
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia JM; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil jmcmaia@usp.br.; Perdizes Institute (IPer), Clinics Hospital of the Medical School (HCFMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil., Ayalla Rodrigues A; Medicina, Faculdade Pernambucana de Saude Curso de Medicina, Recife, Brazil., Mannes ZL; Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA., Smith A; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Liebrenz M; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Gouttebarge V; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands.; Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa., Hainline B; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA., Reardon CL; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA., McDuff D; Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Source: British journal of sports medicine [Br J Sports Med] 2026 Jun 17. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 17.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0432520 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1473-0480 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03063674 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Br J Sports Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Substance use patterns in elite athletes: a scoping review of alcohol, performance-enhancing drugs and other psychoactive substances.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Castaldelli-Maia+JM%22">Castaldelli-Maia JM</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil jmcmaia@usp.br.; Perdizes Institute (IPer), Clinics Hospital of the Medical School (HCFMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ayalla+Rodrigues+A%22">Ayalla Rodrigues A</searchLink>; Medicina, Faculdade Pernambucana de Saude Curso de Medicina, Recife, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mannes+ZL%22">Mannes ZL</searchLink>; Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Smith+A%22">Smith A</searchLink>; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liebrenz+M%22">Liebrenz M</searchLink>; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gouttebarge+V%22">Gouttebarge V</searchLink>; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands.; Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hainline+B%22">Hainline B</searchLink>; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reardon+CL%22">Reardon CL</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McDuff+D%22">McDuff D</searchLink>; Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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        Value: 10.1136/bjsports-2025-111489
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – TitleFull: Substance use patterns in elite athletes: a scoping review of alcohol, performance-enhancing drugs and other psychoactive substances.
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              Text: 2026 Jun 17
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