A systematic review exploring the safety of deep brain stimulation at MRI field strengths beyond conventional field strengths: Opening the door to new imaging tools for neuromodulation.
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| Title: | A systematic review exploring the safety of deep brain stimulation at MRI field strengths beyond conventional field strengths: Opening the door to new imaging tools for neuromodulation. |
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| Authors: | Au HCT; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Louka A; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Kashyap S; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Zhang R; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Mohammed G; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Loh A; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Su YH; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Martinez D; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Rodrigues TA; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Matossian G; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Germann J; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Hodaie M; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Uludağ K; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Valiante T; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Kalia SK; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Lozano AM; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Wintermark M; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Connell I; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA., Boutet A; From the Institute of Medical Science (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging (H.C.T.A., R.Z., G.M., T.A.R., G.M., A.B.), Medical Biophysics (D.M., K.U., I.C.), Division of Neurosurgery (A.L., Y.-H.S., J.G., M.H., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biomedical Engineering (A.L., D.M., T.V., I.C.), Krembil Research Institute (S.K., J.G., M.H., K.U., T.V., S.K.K., A.M.L.), Centre for Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (J.G., M.H., T.V., S.K.K., I.C.), KITE Research Institute (M.H., T.V., S.K.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences (S.K., K.U.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience (Y.-H.S.), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery (Y.-H.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan and Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA. |
| Source: | AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology [AJNR Am J Neuroradiol] 2026 Jun 20. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 20. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: American Society of Neuroradiology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8003708 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1936-959X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01956108 NLM ISO Abbreviation: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Database: | MEDLINE Ultimate |
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