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Smaller hippocampal volume as a vulnerability factor for the persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder.

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Title: Smaller hippocampal volume as a vulnerability factor for the persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Authors: van Rooij, S. J. H., Kennis, M., Sjouwerman, R., van den Heuvel, M. P., Kahn, R. S., Geuze, E.
Source: Psychological Medicine. Oct2015, Vol. 45 Issue 13, p2737-2746. 10p.
Subjects: Serotonin uptake inhibitors, Analysis of variance, Chi-squared test, Comparative studies, Hippocampus (Brain), Digital image processing, Interviewing, Longitudinal method, Magnetic resonance imaging, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Research funding, Self-evaluation, Statistics, Psychology of veterans, Data analysis, Pre-tests & post-tests, Repeated measures design, Disease remission, Severity of illness index, Descriptive statistics
Abstract: BackgroundSmaller hippocampal volume has often been observed in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is no consensus whether this is a result of stress/trauma exposure, or constitutes a vulnerability factor for the development of PTSD. Second, it is unclear whether hippocampal volume normalizes with successful treatment of PTSD, or whether a smaller hippocampus is a risk factor for the persistence of PTSD.MethodMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and clinical interviews were collected from 47 war veterans with PTSD, 25 healthy war veterans (combat controls) and 25 healthy non-military controls. All veterans were scanned a second time with a 6- to 8-month interval, during which PTSD patients received trauma-focused therapy. Based on post-treatment PTSD symptoms, patients were divided into a PTSD group who was in remission (n = 22) and a group in whom PTSD symptoms persisted (n = 22). MRI data were analysed with Freesurfer.ResultsSmaller left hippocampal volume was observed in PTSD patients compared with both control groups. Hippocampal volume of the combat controls did not differ from healthy controls. Second, pre- and post-treatment analyses of the PTSD patients and combat controls revealed reduced (left) hippocampal volume only in the persistent patients at both time points. Importantly, hippocampal volume did not change with treatment.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a smaller (left) hippocampus is not the result of stress/trauma exposure. Furthermore, hippocampal volume does not increase with successful treatment. Instead, we demonstrate for the first time that a smaller (left) hippocampus constitutes a risk factor for the persistence of PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Psychological Medicine is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Smaller hippocampal volume as a vulnerability factor for the persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22van+Rooij%2C+S%2E+J%2E+H%2E%22">van Rooij, S. J. H.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kennis%2C+M%2E%22">Kennis, M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sjouwerman%2C+R%2E%22">Sjouwerman, R.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22van+den+Heuvel%2C+M%2E+P%2E%22">van den Heuvel, M. P.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kahn%2C+R%2E+S%2E%22">Kahn, R. S.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Geuze%2C+E%2E%22">Geuze, E.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Psychological+Medicine%22">Psychological Medicine</searchLink>. Oct2015, Vol. 45 Issue 13, p2737-2746. 10p.
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  Data: BackgroundSmaller hippocampal volume has often been observed in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is no consensus whether this is a result of stress/trauma exposure, or constitutes a vulnerability factor for the development of PTSD. Second, it is unclear whether hippocampal volume normalizes with successful treatment of PTSD, or whether a smaller hippocampus is a risk factor for the persistence of PTSD.MethodMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and clinical interviews were collected from 47 war veterans with PTSD, 25 healthy war veterans (combat controls) and 25 healthy non-military controls. All veterans were scanned a second time with a 6- to 8-month interval, during which PTSD patients received trauma-focused therapy. Based on post-treatment PTSD symptoms, patients were divided into a PTSD group who was in remission (n = 22) and a group in whom PTSD symptoms persisted (n = 22). MRI data were analysed with Freesurfer.ResultsSmaller left hippocampal volume was observed in PTSD patients compared with both control groups. Hippocampal volume of the combat controls did not differ from healthy controls. Second, pre- and post-treatment analyses of the PTSD patients and combat controls revealed reduced (left) hippocampal volume only in the persistent patients at both time points. Importantly, hippocampal volume did not change with treatment.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a smaller (left) hippocampus is not the result of stress/trauma exposure. Furthermore, hippocampal volume does not increase with successful treatment. Instead, we demonstrate for the first time that a smaller (left) hippocampus constitutes a risk factor for the persistence of PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Psychological Medicine is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1017/S0033291715000707
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Analysis of variance
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      – SubjectFull: Chi-squared test
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      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
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      – SubjectFull: Hippocampus (Brain)
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