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Ginsenoside Rc from Korean Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms of Gastritis, Hepatitis and Arthritis.

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Title: Ginsenoside Rc from Korean Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms of Gastritis, Hepatitis and Arthritis.
Authors: Yu, Tao, Rhee, Man Hee, Lee, Jongsung, Kim, Seung Hyung, Yang, Yanyan, Kim, Han Gyung, Kim, Yong, Kim, Chaekyun, Kwak, Yi-Seong, Kim, Jong-Hoon, Cho, Jae Youl
Source: American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2016, Vol. 44 Issue 3, p595-615. 21p. 1 Chart, 4 Graphs.
Subjects: Arthritis prevention, Hepatitis prevention, Gastritis, Liver analysis, Enzyme metabolism, Alternative medicine, Analysis of variance, Animal experimentation, Anti-inflammatory agents, Biological assay, Biological models, Blood testing, Computed tomography, Drug toxicity, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Ginseng, Histological techniques, Immunoblotting, Interferons, Interleukins, Joints (Anatomy), Macrophages, Medicinal plants, Mice, Oral drug administration, Phosphorylation, Polymerase chain reaction, Probability theory, Research funding, Statistics, Tumor necrosis factors, Plant extracts, Data analysis, Data analysis software, Descriptive statistics, In vitro studies, Mann Whitney U Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, In vivo studies, Pharmacodynamics, Prevention
Abstract: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an herbal medicine prescribed worldwide that is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). Out of ginseng's various components, ginsenosides are regarded as the major ingredients, exhibiting anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Although recent studies have focused on understanding the anti-inflammatory activities of KRG, compounds that are major anti-inflammatory components, precisely how these can suppress various inflammatory processes has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to identify inhibitory saponins, to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the saponins, and to understand the inhibitory mechanisms. To do this, we employed in vitro lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and in vivo inflammatory mouse conditions, such as collagen (type II)-induced arthritis (CIA), EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis. Molecular mechanisms were also verified by real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, and reporter gene assays. Out of all the ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) showed the highest inhibitory activity against the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1, and interferons (IFNs). Similarly, this compound attenuated inflammatory symptoms in CIA, EtOH/HCl-mediated gastritis, and LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis without altering toxicological parameters, and without inducing gastric irritation. These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied by the suppression of TNF- and IL-6 production and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice with CIA. G-Rc also attenuated the increased levels of luciferase activity by IRF-3 and AP-1 but not NF-B. In support of this phenomenon, G-Rc reduced TBK1, IRF-3, and ATF2 phosphorylation in the joint and liver tissues of mice with hepatitis. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that G-Rc may be a major component of KRG with useful anti-inflammatory properties due to its suppression of IRF-3 and AP-1 pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of American Journal of Chinese Medicine is the property of World Scientific Publishing Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Ginsenoside Rc from Korean Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms of Gastritis, Hepatitis and Arthritis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22American+Journal+of+Chinese+Medicine%22">American Journal of Chinese Medicine</searchLink>. 2016, Vol. 44 Issue 3, p595-615. 21p. 1 Chart, 4 Graphs.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an herbal medicine prescribed worldwide that is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). Out of ginseng's various components, ginsenosides are regarded as the major ingredients, exhibiting anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Although recent studies have focused on understanding the anti-inflammatory activities of KRG, compounds that are major anti-inflammatory components, precisely how these can suppress various inflammatory processes has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to identify inhibitory saponins, to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the saponins, and to understand the inhibitory mechanisms. To do this, we employed in vitro lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and in vivo inflammatory mouse conditions, such as collagen (type II)-induced arthritis (CIA), EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis. Molecular mechanisms were also verified by real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, and reporter gene assays. Out of all the ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) showed the highest inhibitory activity against the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1, and interferons (IFNs). Similarly, this compound attenuated inflammatory symptoms in CIA, EtOH/HCl-mediated gastritis, and LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis without altering toxicological parameters, and without inducing gastric irritation. These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied by the suppression of TNF- and IL-6 production and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice with CIA. G-Rc also attenuated the increased levels of luciferase activity by IRF-3 and AP-1 but not NF-B. In support of this phenomenon, G-Rc reduced TBK1, IRF-3, and ATF2 phosphorylation in the joint and liver tissues of mice with hepatitis. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that G-Rc may be a major component of KRG with useful anti-inflammatory properties due to its suppression of IRF-3 and AP-1 pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of American Journal of Chinese Medicine is the property of World Scientific Publishing Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1142/S0192415X16500336
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 595
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      – SubjectFull: Arthritis prevention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hepatitis prevention
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      – SubjectFull: Gastritis
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      – SubjectFull: Liver analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Analysis of variance
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      – SubjectFull: Animal experimentation
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      – SubjectFull: Oral drug administration
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      – SubjectFull: Phosphorylation
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      – SubjectFull: Statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Tumor necrosis factors
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      – SubjectFull: Plant extracts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: In vitro studies
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      – SubjectFull: Mann Whitney U Test
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      – SubjectFull: Kruskal-Wallis Test
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      – SubjectFull: Pharmacodynamics
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      – SubjectFull: Prevention
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      – TitleFull: Ginsenoside Rc from Korean Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms of Gastritis, Hepatitis and Arthritis.
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