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Latent class analysis of loneliness and connectedness in US young adults during COVID‐19.

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Title: Latent class analysis of loneliness and connectedness in US young adults during COVID‐19.
Authors: Schmidt, Renae D. (AUTHOR), Feaster, Daniel J. (AUTHOR), Horigian, Viviana E. (AUTHOR), Lee, Richard M. (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. Sep2022, Vol. 78 Issue 9, p1824-1838. 15p. 4 Charts, 1 Graph.
Subjects: Loneliness, University of California, Los Angeles, Young adults, COVID-19, Mental illness, Mental health surveys, Social belonging
Abstract: Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in the United States has exacerbated a number of mental health conditions and problems related to prolonged social isolation. While COVID‐19 has led to greater loneliness and a lack of social connectedness, little is known about who are the most affected and how they are impacted. Therefore, we performed a Latent Class Analysis using items from two scales – the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Social Connectedness Scale – to characterize different experiences of loneliness and connectedness, examine their relationship with mental health and substance use symptoms, including depression, anxiety, drinking, and drug use. Methods: Data were drawn from an anonymous one‐time online survey examining the mental health of 1008 young adults (18–35 years old) during COVID‐19. A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to observe and identify classes based on responses to loneliness and connectedness scale items, and to examine the existence of subgroups among this young adult population. Results: We identified a 4‐class model of loneliness and connectedness: (1) Lonely and Disconnected – highest probabilities in items of loneliness and disconnectedness, (2) Moderately Lonely and Disconnected – adaptive levels of some isolation and disconnection during COVID‐19, (3) Ambivalent Feelings – displaying negative responses in particular to negatively‐worded items while simultaneously affirming positively worded items, and (4) Connected and Not Lonely – lowest probabilities in items of loneliness and disconnectedness. Conclusion: Key findings include (1) the delineation of classes by levels of loneliness and connectedness showcasing differential mental health and substance use symptoms, (2) the utility of item‐level evaluation with LCA in determining specific classes of people in need of outreach and intervention, and (3) the promise of social connection to bolster resilience in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Clinical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Latent class analysis of loneliness and connectedness in US young adults during COVID‐19.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schmidt%2C+Renae+D%2E%22">Schmidt, Renae D.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Feaster%2C+Daniel+J%2E%22">Feaster, Daniel J.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Horigian%2C+Viviana+E%2E%22">Horigian, Viviana E.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Richard+M%2E%22">Lee, Richard M.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Clinical+Psychology%22">Journal of Clinical Psychology</searchLink>. Sep2022, Vol. 78 Issue 9, p1824-1838. 15p. 4 Charts, 1 Graph.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Loneliness%22">Loneliness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles%22">University of California, Los Angeles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+adults%22">Young adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COVID-19%22">COVID-19</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+illness%22">Mental illness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+health+surveys%22">Mental health surveys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+belonging%22">Social belonging</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in the United States has exacerbated a number of mental health conditions and problems related to prolonged social isolation. While COVID‐19 has led to greater loneliness and a lack of social connectedness, little is known about who are the most affected and how they are impacted. Therefore, we performed a Latent Class Analysis using items from two scales – the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Social Connectedness Scale – to characterize different experiences of loneliness and connectedness, examine their relationship with mental health and substance use symptoms, including depression, anxiety, drinking, and drug use. Methods: Data were drawn from an anonymous one‐time online survey examining the mental health of 1008 young adults (18–35 years old) during COVID‐19. A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to observe and identify classes based on responses to loneliness and connectedness scale items, and to examine the existence of subgroups among this young adult population. Results: We identified a 4‐class model of loneliness and connectedness: (1) Lonely and Disconnected – highest probabilities in items of loneliness and disconnectedness, (2) Moderately Lonely and Disconnected – adaptive levels of some isolation and disconnection during COVID‐19, (3) Ambivalent Feelings – displaying negative responses in particular to negatively‐worded items while simultaneously affirming positively worded items, and (4) Connected and Not Lonely – lowest probabilities in items of loneliness and disconnectedness. Conclusion: Key findings include (1) the delineation of classes by levels of loneliness and connectedness showcasing differential mental health and substance use symptoms, (2) the utility of item‐level evaluation with LCA in determining specific classes of people in need of outreach and intervention, and (3) the promise of social connection to bolster resilience in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Clinical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/jclp.23326
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Young adults
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      – SubjectFull: COVID-19
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      – SubjectFull: Mental illness
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      – SubjectFull: Mental health surveys
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      – SubjectFull: Social belonging
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      – TitleFull: Latent class analysis of loneliness and connectedness in US young adults during COVID‐19.
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2022
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              Y: 2022
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