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An update of a systematic review and meta‐analyses exploring flavours in intervention studies of e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation.

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Title: An update of a systematic review and meta‐analyses exploring flavours in intervention studies of e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation.
Authors: Lindson, Nicola, Livingstone‐Banks, Jonathan, Butler, Ailsa R., Levy, David T., Barnett, Phoebe, Theodoulou, Annika, Notley, Caitlin, Rigotti, Nancy A., Chen, Yixian, Hartmann‐Boyce, Jamie
Source: Addiction. Apr2025, Vol. 120 Issue 4, p770-778. 9p.
Subjects: Smoking cessation, Research funding, Secondary analysis, Mints (Plants), Electronic cigarettes, Flavoring essences, Smoking, Nicotine, Treatment effectiveness, Descriptive statistics, Tobacco products, Alcohols (Chemical class), Confidence intervals, Sweeteners
Abstract: Aims: To determine patterns of e‐cigarette flavour use (sweet, tobacco, menthol/mint) in interventional studies of e‐cigarettes for stopping smoking, and to estimate associations between flavours and smoking/vaping outcomes. Methods: Update of secondary data analyses, including meta‐analyses subgrouped by flavour provision and narrative syntheses, incorporating data from January 2004 to February 2024. Eligible studies were identified from a Cochrane review. Studies provided adults who smoked cigarettes with nicotine‐containing e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation and provided data on e‐cigarette e‐liquid flavour use. Outcomes included participants' flavour use measured at any time, plus smoking abstinence, abstinence from all tobacco or commercial nicotine products and allocated product use at 6 months or longer, reported as risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 1 tool. Results: We included 25 studies (n = 16 748); 21 contributed to subgroup meta‐analyses and 18 provided flavour choices. We judged 15 studies at high, seven at low and three at unclear risk of bias. In studies where participants had a choice of flavours, some switching between flavours occurred (five studies). A preference for sweet (including fruit) flavours over tobacco and menthol was indicated (in 6 of 11 studies); however, there were differences across studies. Subgroup meta‐analyses showed no clear associations between e‐liquid flavours provided and smoking cessation or study product use. One included study randomised participants to two different flavour conditions and found similar cessation rates and long‐term e‐cigarette use between arms at 12 months. Conclusions: Some people using e‐cigarettes to quit smoking switch between e‐cigarette flavours during a quit attempt. Sweet flavours may be preferred overall, but this may differ depending on context. Based on intervention studies, there is no clear association between the use of e‐cigarette flavours and smoking cessation or longer‐term e‐cigarette use, possibly due to a paucity of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
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  Data: An update of a systematic review and meta‐analyses exploring flavours in intervention studies of e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lindson%2C+Nicola%22">Lindson, Nicola</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Livingstone‐Banks%2C+Jonathan%22">Livingstone‐Banks, Jonathan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Butler%2C+Ailsa+R%2E%22">Butler, Ailsa R.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Levy%2C+David+T%2E%22">Levy, David T.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barnett%2C+Phoebe%22">Barnett, Phoebe</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Theodoulou%2C+Annika%22">Theodoulou, Annika</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Notley%2C+Caitlin%22">Notley, Caitlin</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rigotti%2C+Nancy+A%2E%22">Rigotti, Nancy A.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Yixian%22">Chen, Yixian</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hartmann‐Boyce%2C+Jamie%22">Hartmann‐Boyce, Jamie</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Addiction%22">Addiction</searchLink>. Apr2025, Vol. 120 Issue 4, p770-778. 9p.
– Name: Subject
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  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smoking+cessation%22">Smoking cessation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+analysis%22">Secondary analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mints+%28Plants%29%22">Mints (Plants)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+cigarettes%22">Electronic cigarettes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flavoring+essences%22">Flavoring essences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smoking%22">Smoking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nicotine%22">Nicotine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Treatment+effectiveness%22">Treatment effectiveness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tobacco+products%22">Tobacco products</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alcohols+%28Chemical+class%29%22">Alcohols (Chemical class)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sweeteners%22">Sweeteners</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims: To determine patterns of e‐cigarette flavour use (sweet, tobacco, menthol/mint) in interventional studies of e‐cigarettes for stopping smoking, and to estimate associations between flavours and smoking/vaping outcomes. Methods: Update of secondary data analyses, including meta‐analyses subgrouped by flavour provision and narrative syntheses, incorporating data from January 2004 to February 2024. Eligible studies were identified from a Cochrane review. Studies provided adults who smoked cigarettes with nicotine‐containing e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation and provided data on e‐cigarette e‐liquid flavour use. Outcomes included participants' flavour use measured at any time, plus smoking abstinence, abstinence from all tobacco or commercial nicotine products and allocated product use at 6 months or longer, reported as risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 1 tool. Results: We included 25 studies (n = 16 748); 21 contributed to subgroup meta‐analyses and 18 provided flavour choices. We judged 15 studies at high, seven at low and three at unclear risk of bias. In studies where participants had a choice of flavours, some switching between flavours occurred (five studies). A preference for sweet (including fruit) flavours over tobacco and menthol was indicated (in 6 of 11 studies); however, there were differences across studies. Subgroup meta‐analyses showed no clear associations between e‐liquid flavours provided and smoking cessation or study product use. One included study randomised participants to two different flavour conditions and found similar cessation rates and long‐term e‐cigarette use between arms at 12 months. Conclusions: Some people using e‐cigarettes to quit smoking switch between e‐cigarette flavours during a quit attempt. Sweet flavours may be preferred overall, but this may differ depending on context. Based on intervention studies, there is no clear association between the use of e‐cigarette flavours and smoking cessation or longer‐term e‐cigarette use, possibly due to a paucity of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/add.16736
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 770
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Smoking cessation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Secondary analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mints (Plants)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electronic cigarettes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flavoring essences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Smoking
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nicotine
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      – SubjectFull: Treatment effectiveness
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Tobacco products
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      – SubjectFull: Alcohols (Chemical class)
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
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      – SubjectFull: Sweeteners
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2025
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