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Mid‐childhood developmental and behavioural outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

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Title: Mid‐childhood developmental and behavioural outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Authors: Charman, Tony (AUTHOR), Bazelmans, Tessel (AUTHOR), Pasco, Greg (AUTHOR), Begum Ali, Jannath (AUTHOR), Johnson, Mark H. (AUTHOR), Jones, Emily J. H. (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. Feb2026, Vol. 67 Issue 2, p282-295. 14p.
Subjects: Autism risk factors, Risk factors of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Risk assessment, Infant development, Infant psychology, Research funding, Data analysis, Income, Multiple regression analysis, Sex distribution, Questionnaires, Family history (Medicine), Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, Multivariate analysis, Longitudinal method, Analysis of variance, Statistics, Asperger's syndrome, Children
Abstract: Background: Prospective studies of autism family history infants primarily report recurrence and predictors of autism at 3 years. Less is known about ADHD family history infants and later childhood outcomes. We characterise profiles of mid‐childhood developmental and behavioural outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or ADHD to identify potential support needs and patterns of co‐occurrence across domains. Methods: Two hundred and sixty‐three infants (51% male; N = 198 autism/ADHD family history; N = 65 no family history) were assessed at 6–12 years. A latent profile analysis (LPA) with indicator variables measuring developmental abilities (IQ, adaptive function) and behavioural traits (autism, ADHD, anxiety) identified dimensional, data‐derived outcome classes. Results: A seven‐class solution was the most robust and clinically meaningful. Two classes (27% and 23%) had typical development; two classes had high autism, ADHD, and anxiety traits—one with low IQ and adaptive function (10%) and one with average IQ but low adaptive function (13%); one class had elevated autism and ADHD but not anxiety traits (10%); and the final two classes had elevated ADHD (9%) and anxiety (8%) traits in isolation. Sex distribution was balanced across all classes. Children with autism were found in all classes but predominantly in the classes with low IQ/adaptive functioning and high behavioural traits, as well as in the class with elevated autism and ADHD traits. We found only partial continuity between membership of similarly derived 3‐year LPA classes and mid‐childhood LPA classes. Conclusions: Many autism/ADHD family history infants develop typically. However, by mid‐childhood, in addition to those with autism, others show elevated neurodevelopmental (autism, ADHD) and neuropsychiatric (anxiety) behavioural traits. Lower developmental abilities (IQ and adaptive function) are primarily seen in children with an autism diagnosis. Family history infants should be monitored through childhood, and support provided should challenges emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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Abstract:Background: Prospective studies of autism family history infants primarily report recurrence and predictors of autism at 3 years. Less is known about ADHD family history infants and later childhood outcomes. We characterise profiles of mid‐childhood developmental and behavioural outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or ADHD to identify potential support needs and patterns of co‐occurrence across domains. Methods: Two hundred and sixty‐three infants (51% male; N = 198 autism/ADHD family history; N = 65 no family history) were assessed at 6–12 years. A latent profile analysis (LPA) with indicator variables measuring developmental abilities (IQ, adaptive function) and behavioural traits (autism, ADHD, anxiety) identified dimensional, data‐derived outcome classes. Results: A seven‐class solution was the most robust and clinically meaningful. Two classes (27% and 23%) had typical development; two classes had high autism, ADHD, and anxiety traits—one with low IQ and adaptive function (10%) and one with average IQ but low adaptive function (13%); one class had elevated autism and ADHD but not anxiety traits (10%); and the final two classes had elevated ADHD (9%) and anxiety (8%) traits in isolation. Sex distribution was balanced across all classes. Children with autism were found in all classes but predominantly in the classes with low IQ/adaptive functioning and high behavioural traits, as well as in the class with elevated autism and ADHD traits. We found only partial continuity between membership of similarly derived 3‐year LPA classes and mid‐childhood LPA classes. Conclusions: Many autism/ADHD family history infants develop typically. However, by mid‐childhood, in addition to those with autism, others show elevated neurodevelopmental (autism, ADHD) and neuropsychiatric (anxiety) behavioural traits. Lower developmental abilities (IQ and adaptive function) are primarily seen in children with an autism diagnosis. Family history infants should be monitored through childhood, and support provided should challenges emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:00219630
DOI:10.1111/jcpp.70048