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Multi‐Instrument Observations of Various Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by the 6 February 2023 Turkey Earthquake.

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Title: Multi‐Instrument Observations of Various Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by the 6 February 2023 Turkey Earthquake.
Authors: Haralambous, Haris1 (AUTHOR) eng.hh@frederick.ac.cy, Guerra, Marco2,3 (AUTHOR), Chum, Jaroslav4 (AUTHOR), Verhulst, Tobias G. W.5 (AUTHOR), Barta, Veronika6 (AUTHOR), Altadill, David7 (AUTHOR), Cesaroni, Claudio2 (AUTHOR), Galkin, Ivan8 (AUTHOR), Márta, Kiszely9 (AUTHOR), Mielich, Jens10 (AUTHOR), Kouba, Daniel4 (AUTHOR), Buresova, Dalia4 (AUTHOR), Segarra, Antoni7 (AUTHOR), Spogli, Luca2,11 (AUTHOR), Rusz, Jan4 (AUTHOR), Zedník, Jan12 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics. Dec2023, Vol. 128 Issue 12, p1-23. 23p.
Subject Terms: Ionospheric disturbances, Kahramanmaras Earthquake, Türkiye & Syria, 2023, Sound pressure, Seismic waves, Rayleigh waves
Geographic Terms: Türkiye
Abstract: In this work, we investigate various types of ionospheric disturbances observed over Europe following the earthquake that occurred in Turkey on 6 February 2023. By combining observations from Doppler sounding systems, ionosondes, and GNSS receivers, we are able to discern different types of disturbances, propagating with different velocities and through different mechanisms. We can detect co‐seismic ionospheric disturbances close to the epicenter, as well as ionospheric signatures of acoustic waves propagating as a consequence of propagating seismic waves. Unlike the vast majority of past ionospheric co‐seismic disturbance studies that are primarily based on Total Electron Content variations, reflecting disturbances propagating around the F‐region peak, the focus of the present study is the manifestation of disturbances at different ionospheric altitudes by exploiting complementary ionospheric remote sensing techniques. This is particularly highlighted through ionospheric earthquake‐related signatures established as specific ionogram deformations known as multiple‐cusp signatures which appear as additional cusps at the base of the F‐region attributed to electron density irregularities generated by Rayleigh surface waves that generate acoustic waves propagating up to the ionosphere. Therefore this study underlines the advantage that multi‐instrument investigations offer in identifying the propagation of earthquake‐related ionospheric disturbances at different ionospheric altitudes and distances from the earthquake epicenter. Key Points: The 2023 Turkey earthquake induced a spectrum of ionospheric disturbances as shown by networks of GNSS receivers, ionosondes and HF DopplerDisturbances appeared as shock acoustic wave‐induced traveling ionospheric disturbances in the near field and Rayleigh wave‐induced ionogram multiple‐cusp signature at longer distancesMulti‐instrument remote sensing techniques can detect ionospheric disturbances at a range of altitudes‐distances from the epicenter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Multi‐Instrument Observations of Various Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by the 6 February 2023 Turkey Earthquake.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haralambous%2C+Haris%22">Haralambous, Haris</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> eng.hh@frederick.ac.cy</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guerra%2C+Marco%22">Guerra, Marco</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chum%2C+Jaroslav%22">Chum, Jaroslav</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Verhulst%2C+Tobias+G%2E+W%2E%22">Verhulst, Tobias G. W.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barta%2C+Veronika%22">Barta, Veronika</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Altadill%2C+David%22">Altadill, David</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cesaroni%2C+Claudio%22">Cesaroni, Claudio</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Galkin%2C+Ivan%22">Galkin, Ivan</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Márta%2C+Kiszely%22">Márta, Kiszely</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mielich%2C+Jens%22">Mielich, Jens</searchLink><relatesTo>10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kouba%2C+Daniel%22">Kouba, Daniel</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Buresova%2C+Dalia%22">Buresova, Dalia</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Segarra%2C+Antoni%22">Segarra, Antoni</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Spogli%2C+Luca%22">Spogli, Luca</searchLink><relatesTo>2,11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rusz%2C+Jan%22">Rusz, Jan</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zedník%2C+Jan%22">Zedník, Jan</searchLink><relatesTo>12</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2E+Space+Physics%22">Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics</searchLink>. Dec2023, Vol. 128 Issue 12, p1-23. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ionospheric+disturbances%22">Ionospheric disturbances</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kahramanmaras+Earthquake%2C+Türkiye+%26+Syria%2C+2023%22">Kahramanmaras Earthquake, Türkiye & Syria, 2023</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sound+pressure%22">Sound pressure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Seismic+waves%22">Seismic waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rayleigh+waves%22">Rayleigh waves</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Türkiye%22">Türkiye</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: In this work, we investigate various types of ionospheric disturbances observed over Europe following the earthquake that occurred in Turkey on 6 February 2023. By combining observations from Doppler sounding systems, ionosondes, and GNSS receivers, we are able to discern different types of disturbances, propagating with different velocities and through different mechanisms. We can detect co‐seismic ionospheric disturbances close to the epicenter, as well as ionospheric signatures of acoustic waves propagating as a consequence of propagating seismic waves. Unlike the vast majority of past ionospheric co‐seismic disturbance studies that are primarily based on Total Electron Content variations, reflecting disturbances propagating around the F‐region peak, the focus of the present study is the manifestation of disturbances at different ionospheric altitudes by exploiting complementary ionospheric remote sensing techniques. This is particularly highlighted through ionospheric earthquake‐related signatures established as specific ionogram deformations known as multiple‐cusp signatures which appear as additional cusps at the base of the F‐region attributed to electron density irregularities generated by Rayleigh surface waves that generate acoustic waves propagating up to the ionosphere. Therefore this study underlines the advantage that multi‐instrument investigations offer in identifying the propagation of earthquake‐related ionospheric disturbances at different ionospheric altitudes and distances from the earthquake epicenter. Key Points: The 2023 Turkey earthquake induced a spectrum of ionospheric disturbances as shown by networks of GNSS receivers, ionosondes and HF DopplerDisturbances appeared as shock acoustic wave‐induced traveling ionospheric disturbances in the near field and Rayleigh wave‐induced ionogram multiple‐cusp signature at longer distancesMulti‐instrument remote sensing techniques can detect ionospheric disturbances at a range of altitudes‐distances from the epicenter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1029/2023JA031691
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 23
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      – SubjectFull: Ionospheric disturbances
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kahramanmaras Earthquake, Türkiye & Syria, 2023
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sound pressure
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      – SubjectFull: Seismic waves
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      – SubjectFull: Rayleigh waves
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      – SubjectFull: Türkiye
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Multi‐Instrument Observations of Various Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by the 6 February 2023 Turkey Earthquake.
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