APA (7th ed.) Citation

Liu, M. (2024). Retraction Note: Optical pattern recognition image preprocessing based on hybrid cluster intelligent algorithm. Optical & Quantum Electronics, 56(9), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-07440-1

Chicago Style (17th ed.) Citation

Liu, Manjun. "Retraction Note: Optical Pattern Recognition Image Preprocessing Based on Hybrid Cluster Intelligent Algorithm." Optical & Quantum Electronics 56, no. 9 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-07440-1.

MLA (9th ed.) Citation

Liu, Manjun. "Retraction Note: Optical Pattern Recognition Image Preprocessing Based on Hybrid Cluster Intelligent Algorithm." Optical & Quantum Electronics, vol. 56, no. 9, 2024, p. 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-07440-1.