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Erosion Performance Optimization and Mechanistic Insights of 88 + 50% WC Laser-Clad Coatings on T22 Steel Using Response Surface Methodology.

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Title: Erosion Performance Optimization and Mechanistic Insights of 88 + 50% WC Laser-Clad Coatings on T22 Steel Using Response Surface Methodology.
Authors: Kaur, Maninder1 (AUTHOR) Maninder.kaur@bbsbec.ac.in, Goyal, Khushdeep1 (AUTHOR) khushgoyal@pbi.ac.in, Goyal, Deepak Kumar2 (AUTHOR) erdeepakgoyal81@gmail.com
Source: JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS). Apr2026, Vol. 78 Issue 4, p3590-3601. 12p.
Subjects: Erosion, Laser deposition, Tungsten carbide, Alloys, Steel, Response surfaces (Statistics), Wear resistance
Abstract: This work develops a Colmonoy 88 alloy reinforced with 50 wt.% tungsten carbide (WC) coating on ASTM A213 Grade T22 steel using laser cladding to address severe air-jet erosion encountered in boiler and high velocity particle environments. The coating formed a dense, metallurgically bonded layer with an average thickness of 562 µm and a hardness of 1054 ± 18 HV. Air-jet erosion behavior was evaluated using a central composite design with varying velocities, particle sizes, and impingement angles. Analysis of variance confirmed that all three parameters significantly influenced erosion mass loss (p < 0.0001). The clad surface exhibited around 70% lower erosion compared with the uncoated T22 substrate. Desirability-based optimization identified 37.39 m/s, 235 µm, and 48.77° as the minimum erosion condition. SEM fractography showed ductile ploughing in the T22 and brittle micro-chipping in the coating, indicating a shift in erosion mechanism due to the reinforced microstructure. The study integrates Colmonoy 88 + WC cladding with RSM-based optimization and mechanistic erosion analysis to enhance particle erosion resistance in power-plant components. Its novelty lies in combining laser-clad Colmonoy 88 + 50 wt.% WC on T22 steel with an RSM-driven erosion evaluation and optimization framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192462017
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Erosion Performance Optimization and Mechanistic Insights of 88 + 50% WC Laser-Clad Coatings on T22 Steel Using Response Surface Methodology.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This work develops a Colmonoy 88 alloy reinforced with 50 wt.% tungsten carbide (WC) coating on ASTM A213 Grade T22 steel using laser cladding to address severe air-jet erosion encountered in boiler and high velocity particle environments. The coating formed a dense, metallurgically bonded layer with an average thickness of 562 &#181;m and a hardness of 1054 &#177; 18 HV. Air-jet erosion behavior was evaluated using a central composite design with varying velocities, particle sizes, and impingement angles. Analysis of variance confirmed that all three parameters significantly influenced erosion mass loss (p &lt; 0.0001). The clad surface exhibited around 70% lower erosion compared with the uncoated T22 substrate. Desirability-based optimization identified 37.39 m/s, 235 &#181;m, and 48.77&#176; as the minimum erosion condition. SEM fractography showed ductile ploughing in the T22 and brittle micro-chipping in the coating, indicating a shift in erosion mechanism due to the reinforced microstructure. The study integrates Colmonoy 88 + WC cladding with RSM-based optimization and mechanistic erosion analysis to enhance particle erosion resistance in power-plant components. Its novelty lies in combining laser-clad Colmonoy 88 + 50 wt.% WC on T22 steel with an RSM-driven erosion evaluation and optimization framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals &amp; Materials Society (TMS) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11837-026-08223-7
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 3590
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Erosion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laser deposition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tungsten carbide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Alloys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Response surfaces (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wear resistance
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Erosion Performance Optimization and Mechanistic Insights of 88 + 50% WC Laser-Clad Coatings on T22 Steel Using Response Surface Methodology.
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            NameFull: Kaur, Maninder
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            NameFull: Goyal, Khushdeep
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            NameFull: Goyal, Deepak Kumar
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 10474838
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              Value: 78
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              Value: 4
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            – TitleFull: JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS)
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