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Impact of Processing Environment on Anti‐Solvent Free FAPbI3 Films and Solar Cells.

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Title: Impact of Processing Environment on Anti‐Solvent Free FAPbI3 Films and Solar Cells.
Authors: Wall, Elizabeth M.1 (AUTHOR), Lin, Yu‐Kuan2,3 (AUTHOR), Bawendi, Moungi3 (AUTHOR), Burlingame, Quinn C.1 (AUTHOR) qb@princeton.edu, Loo, Yueh‐Lin1 (AUTHOR) lloo@princeton.edu
Source: Advanced Energy Materials. 2/18/2026, Vol. 16 Issue 7, p1-11. 11p.
Subject Terms: *Humidity, *Lead iodide, *Solar cells, *Photovoltaic power generation, *Coating processes, *Spin coating, *Annealing of metals, *Durability
Abstract: As perovskite solar cells approach commercialization, understanding the environmental sensitivities of perovskites during fabrication becomes increasingly important. In this work, the humidity‐dependence of each deposition and annealing step in the anti‐solvent‐free two‐step formamidinium lead iodide fabrication process is investigated in air and N2. In‐situ grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements during spin‐coating indicate that humidity affects the formation and dynamics of intermediate phases in perovskite precursor films. These differences, and those induced by annealing in humidity, impact the structure, morphology, and composition of resultant perovskite films, though the initial performance of solar cells fabricated using these active layers is relatively insensitive to humidity across the range studied. In contrast, stability is maximized in devices with dry‐processed active layers and those terminally annealed in humidity. Spin‐coating of PbI2 is most environmentally sensitive—needle‐like structures precipitate while spin‐coating in 40% relative humidity leading to significantly reduced photovoltaic performance and device stability. Additionally, films and solar cells fabricated in air appear virtually identical to those fabricated in N2. Collectively, these results show that optimal performance and stability of two‐step processed formamidinium lead iodide solar cells is achieved when fabricating active layers in a dry atmosphere or with some humidity during the final anneal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 191655375
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Impact of Processing Environment on Anti‐Solvent Free FAPbI<subscript>3</subscript> Films and Solar Cells.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wall%2C+Elizabeth+M%2E%22">Wall, Elizabeth M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+Yu‐Kuan%22">Lin, Yu‐Kuan</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bawendi%2C+Moungi%22">Bawendi, Moungi</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burlingame%2C+Quinn+C%2E%22">Burlingame, Quinn C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> qb@princeton.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Loo%2C+Yueh‐Lin%22">Loo, Yueh‐Lin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lloo@princeton.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Advanced+Energy+Materials%22">Advanced Energy Materials</searchLink>. 2/18/2026, Vol. 16 Issue 7, p1-11. 11p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Humidity%22">Humidity</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lead+iodide%22">Lead iodide</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cells%22">Solar cells</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photovoltaic+power+generation%22">Photovoltaic power generation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coating+processes%22">Coating processes</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spin+coating%22">Spin coating</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Annealing+of+metals%22">Annealing of metals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Durability%22">Durability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: As perovskite solar cells approach commercialization, understanding the environmental sensitivities of perovskites during fabrication becomes increasingly important. In this work, the humidity‐dependence of each deposition and annealing step in the anti‐solvent‐free two‐step formamidinium lead iodide fabrication process is investigated in air and N2. In‐situ grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements during spin‐coating indicate that humidity affects the formation and dynamics of intermediate phases in perovskite precursor films. These differences, and those induced by annealing in humidity, impact the structure, morphology, and composition of resultant perovskite films, though the initial performance of solar cells fabricated using these active layers is relatively insensitive to humidity across the range studied. In contrast, stability is maximized in devices with dry‐processed active layers and those terminally annealed in humidity. Spin‐coating of PbI2 is most environmentally sensitive—needle‐like structures precipitate while spin‐coating in 40% relative humidity leading to significantly reduced photovoltaic performance and device stability. Additionally, films and solar cells fabricated in air appear virtually identical to those fabricated in N2. Collectively, these results show that optimal performance and stability of two‐step processed formamidinium lead iodide solar cells is achieved when fabricating active layers in a dry atmosphere or with some humidity during the final anneal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/aenm.202503828
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Humidity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lead iodide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photovoltaic power generation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Coating processes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spin coating
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Annealing of metals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Durability
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Impact of Processing Environment on Anti‐Solvent Free FAPbI3 Films and Solar Cells.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wall, Elizabeth M.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lin, Yu‐Kuan
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            NameFull: Bawendi, Moungi
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Burlingame, Quinn C.
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            NameFull: Loo, Yueh‐Lin
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            – D: 18
              M: 02
              Text: 2/18/2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 16146832
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              Value: 16
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              Value: 7
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Advanced Energy Materials
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