The Influence of the TiO 2 Compact Layer on the Performance of Carbon-Based Ambient-Synthesized CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Solar Cells.
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| Title: | The Influence of the TiO 2 Compact Layer on the Performance of Carbon-Based Ambient-Synthesized CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Solar Cells. |
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| Authors: | Eldjilali, Cheikh Zakaria1 (AUTHOR), Low, Pei-Ling1,2 (AUTHOR), Thien, Gregory Soon How2,3 (AUTHOR), Sin, Yew-Keong1,2,4 (AUTHOR), Yap, Boon Kar3,4,5 (AUTHOR), Tan, Kar Ban6 (AUTHOR), Chan, Kah-Yoong1,2 (AUTHOR) kychan@mmu.edu.my |
| Source: | Energies (19961073). Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 8, p1935. 23p. |
| Subject Terms: | *Titanium dioxide films, *Fabrication (Manufacturing), *Perovskite, *Crystal structure, *Solar cell efficiency |
| Abstract: | Since their discovery in 2009, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated rapid progress. Ambient-processed, carbon-based PSCs utilizing a pre-heating step offer a cost-effective fabrication route. Nevertheless, the role of the compact titanium dioxide (TiO2-c) layer in ambient conditions has remained under-explored and inconsistently reported in the literature. This study then investigated the impact of TiO2-c layer thickness, ranging from 70 nm to 155 nm, on the performance of PSCs fabricated entirely in ambient air with high relative humidity (RH > 70%). The layers were deposited via the sol-gel spin-coating method. Experimental results then revealed that the thinnest layer (70 nm) yielded the lowest average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.05% due to diminished Jsc and Voc values. The optimized TiO2-c thickness was also identified at 95 nm, achieving an average PCE of 2.95% and a peak efficiency of 4.5%. Structural analysis via XRD confirmed the presence of both anatase and brookite phases. Notably, increasing the thickness from 70 nm to 155 nm resulted in a slight reduction in the anatase peak and a corresponding increase in the brookite peak. The superior performance at 95 nm could be attributed to a balanced crystal intensity between these two phases. Furthermore, TiO2-c thickness was found to correlate with larger aggregate formation, better uniform shape grains, and reduced surface roughness, significantly influencing the morphology of the subsequent mesoporous TiO2-m layer. These findings then provided critical insights into how thickness variation in the TiO2-c layer could influence the performance of ambient-processed carbon-based PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Database: | Energy & Power Source |
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| Abstract: | Since their discovery in 2009, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated rapid progress. Ambient-processed, carbon-based PSCs utilizing a pre-heating step offer a cost-effective fabrication route. Nevertheless, the role of the compact titanium dioxide (TiO2-c) layer in ambient conditions has remained under-explored and inconsistently reported in the literature. This study then investigated the impact of TiO2-c layer thickness, ranging from 70 nm to 155 nm, on the performance of PSCs fabricated entirely in ambient air with high relative humidity (RH > 70%). The layers were deposited via the sol-gel spin-coating method. Experimental results then revealed that the thinnest layer (70 nm) yielded the lowest average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.05% due to diminished Jsc and Voc values. The optimized TiO2-c thickness was also identified at 95 nm, achieving an average PCE of 2.95% and a peak efficiency of 4.5%. Structural analysis via XRD confirmed the presence of both anatase and brookite phases. Notably, increasing the thickness from 70 nm to 155 nm resulted in a slight reduction in the anatase peak and a corresponding increase in the brookite peak. The superior performance at 95 nm could be attributed to a balanced crystal intensity between these two phases. Furthermore, TiO2-c thickness was found to correlate with larger aggregate formation, better uniform shape grains, and reduced surface roughness, significantly influencing the morphology of the subsequent mesoporous TiO2-m layer. These findings then provided critical insights into how thickness variation in the TiO2-c layer could influence the performance of ambient-processed carbon-based PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 19961073 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/en19081935 |
