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The Reciprocal Relationships among Perceived Parental Support, Career Exploration and Career Aspiration Developmental Trajectories: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study

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Title: The Reciprocal Relationships among Perceived Parental Support, Career Exploration and Career Aspiration Developmental Trajectories: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study
Language: English
Authors: Xiaoxuan Xu (ORCID 0009-0000-7243-4711), Weijian Chen (ORCID 0009-0002-1576-6714), Hanyu Zhang (ORCID 0009-0002-4938-2233), Kaiyue Guo (ORCID 0000-0003-4234-3450), Hongmin Feng (ORCID 0000-0002-7329-4834), Jiwei Si (ORCID 0000-0003-1342-7348)
Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2026 98(2):461-473.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: High Schools
Secondary Education
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, High School Students, Parent Child Relationship, Career Exploration, Occupational Aspiration, Career Development, Longitudinal Studies, Cultural Context, Collectivism, Gender Differences, Predictor Variables
Geographic Terms: China
DOI: 10.1002/jad.70074
ISSN: 0140-1971
1095-9254
Abstract: Introduction: This three-wave longitudinal study examined the reciprocal relationships among perceived parental support, career exploration, and career aspiration trajectories in adolescents, with a focus on collectivist cultural context. The research aimed to clarify how these variables dynamically influence one another during high school and whether gender differences exist in their developmental patterns. Methods: Participants included 3233 Chinese high school students (50% male, 50% female; M[subscript age] = 15.11 years) from Shandong and Henan provinces. Data were collected across three waves (2018-2020) using validated scales: the Career-Related Parental Support Scale, Vocational Exploration Questionnaire, and Career Aspiration Questionnaire. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) was employed to analyze developmental trajectories and bidirectional effects, while gender differences were tested via structural equation modeling. Results: Results revealed significant upward trends in parental support and career exploration, while career aspirations remained relatively stable across the three waves. Higher initial parental support predicted elevated initial levels ([beta] = 0.529-0.964, p < 0.01) and accelerated growth in career exploration and aspirations. Reciprocally, adolescents' career exploration positively predicted subsequent parental support development ([beta] = 0.430-1.204, p < 0.05). Gender differences were nonsignificant except for a minor disparity in initial career exploration favoring males ([beta] = -0.049, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The findings underscore bidirectional dynamics between parental support and adolescents' career development, emphasizing early parental engagement as pivotal for fostering career preparedness. Despite cultural expectations, gender differences were minimal, suggesting evolving egalitarian norms. Limitations include geographically restricted sampling and reliance on self-reports. This study advocates for family-based interventions to strengthen career guidance and highlights the importance of open parent-adolescent communication in educational systems.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1496577
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: The Reciprocal Relationships among Perceived Parental Support, Career Exploration and Career Aspiration Developmental Trajectories: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study
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  Data: English
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Xiaoxuan+Xu%22&quot;&gt;Xiaoxuan Xu&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7243-4711&quot;&gt;0009-0000-7243-4711&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Weijian+Chen%22&quot;&gt;Weijian Chen&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1576-6714&quot;&gt;0009-0002-1576-6714&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Hanyu+Zhang%22&quot;&gt;Hanyu Zhang&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4938-2233&quot;&gt;0009-0002-4938-2233&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Kaiyue+Guo%22&quot;&gt;Kaiyue Guo&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-3450&quot;&gt;0000-0003-4234-3450&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Hongmin+Feng%22&quot;&gt;Hongmin Feng&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7329-4834&quot;&gt;0000-0002-7329-4834&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Jiwei+Si%22&quot;&gt;Jiwei Si&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1342-7348&quot;&gt;0000-0003-1342-7348&lt;/externalLink&gt;)
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 13
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Journal Articles&lt;br /&gt;Reports - Research
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Foreign+Countries%22&quot;&gt;Foreign Countries&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22High+School+Students%22&quot;&gt;High School Students&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Parent+Child+Relationship%22&quot;&gt;Parent Child Relationship&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Career+Exploration%22&quot;&gt;Career Exploration&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Occupational+Aspiration%22&quot;&gt;Occupational Aspiration&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Career+Development%22&quot;&gt;Career Development&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Longitudinal+Studies%22&quot;&gt;Longitudinal Studies&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Cultural+Context%22&quot;&gt;Cultural Context&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Collectivism%22&quot;&gt;Collectivism&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Gender+Differences%22&quot;&gt;Gender Differences&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Predictor+Variables%22&quot;&gt;Predictor Variables&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22China%22&quot;&gt;China&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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  Data: 10.1002/jad.70074
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0140-1971&lt;br /&gt;1095-9254
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introduction: This three-wave longitudinal study examined the reciprocal relationships among perceived parental support, career exploration, and career aspiration trajectories in adolescents, with a focus on collectivist cultural context. The research aimed to clarify how these variables dynamically influence one another during high school and whether gender differences exist in their developmental patterns. Methods: Participants included 3233 Chinese high school students (50% male, 50% female; M[subscript age] = 15.11 years) from Shandong and Henan provinces. Data were collected across three waves (2018-2020) using validated scales: the Career-Related Parental Support Scale, Vocational Exploration Questionnaire, and Career Aspiration Questionnaire. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) was employed to analyze developmental trajectories and bidirectional effects, while gender differences were tested via structural equation modeling. Results: Results revealed significant upward trends in parental support and career exploration, while career aspirations remained relatively stable across the three waves. Higher initial parental support predicted elevated initial levels ([beta] = 0.529-0.964, p &lt; 0.01) and accelerated growth in career exploration and aspirations. Reciprocally, adolescents&#39; career exploration positively predicted subsequent parental support development ([beta] = 0.430-1.204, p &lt; 0.05). Gender differences were nonsignificant except for a minor disparity in initial career exploration favoring males ([beta] = -0.049, p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: The findings underscore bidirectional dynamics between parental support and adolescents&#39; career development, emphasizing early parental engagement as pivotal for fostering career preparedness. Despite cultural expectations, gender differences were minimal, suggesting evolving egalitarian norms. Limitations include geographically restricted sampling and reliance on self-reports. This study advocates for family-based interventions to strengthen career guidance and highlights the importance of open parent-adolescent communication in educational systems.
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1496577
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        Value: 10.1002/jad.70074
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High School Students
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      – SubjectFull: Parent Child Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Career Exploration
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      – SubjectFull: China
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