Navajo Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders
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| Title: | Navajo Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Davis E. Henderson (ORCID |
| Source: | Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2026 69(2):430-447. |
| Availability: | American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: slhr@asha.org; Web site: http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 18 |
| Publication Date: | 2026 |
| Sponsoring Agency: | National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) (DHHS/NIH) |
| Contract Number: | U54MD012388 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Research |
| Descriptors: | Navajo (Nation), Navajo, Articulation (Speech), Classification, Speech Impairments, Young Children, Speech Therapy, Individualized Education Programs, Phonological Awareness, Phonemes, Interference (Language), Bilingualism |
| Assessment and Survey Identifiers: | Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation |
| DOI: | 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00021 |
| ISSN: | 1092-4388 1558-9102 |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study examined whether the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation--Third Edition (GFTA-3) and the Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis--Third Edition (KLPA-3) accurately classify Navajo children with typically developing (TD) speech or with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method: Twenty-four Navajo children between the ages of 5;00 and 7;11 were classified as either having an SSD (n = 12) or TD (n = 12) based on a four-criterion framework: (a) a parent questionnaire addressing the child's speech development, (b) a teacher questionnaire addressing the student's speech sound development, (c) elicitation of a generated story speech sample, and (d) documentation of whether or not the child receives school-based speech services as outlined in their Individualized Education Plan. Participants completed the GFTA-3, a standardized speech assessment that targets phonemes within a picture-naming task. The KLPA-3, which analyzes the use of typical phonological process(es), was then later analyzed using recordings of the GFTA-3. Results: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 each identified Navajo children with SSD at 100% accuracy. However, the GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 classified TD Navajo children as having SSD 83% of the time while only accurately classifying TD Navajo children as TD with 17% accuracy. Based on the ROC, a recommended cutoff score of the GFTA-3 and KLPA-3 to distinguish Navajo children with and without SSD was not established; rather, the four-criterion classification system is preferred. Conclusion: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 standard scores do not accurately classify Navajo children with and without SSDs. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2026 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1497135 |
| Database: | ERIC |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study examined whether the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation--Third Edition (GFTA-3) and the Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis--Third Edition (KLPA-3) accurately classify Navajo children with typically developing (TD) speech or with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method: Twenty-four Navajo children between the ages of 5;00 and 7;11 were classified as either having an SSD (n = 12) or TD (n = 12) based on a four-criterion framework: (a) a parent questionnaire addressing the child's speech development, (b) a teacher questionnaire addressing the student's speech sound development, (c) elicitation of a generated story speech sample, and (d) documentation of whether or not the child receives school-based speech services as outlined in their Individualized Education Plan. Participants completed the GFTA-3, a standardized speech assessment that targets phonemes within a picture-naming task. The KLPA-3, which analyzes the use of typical phonological process(es), was then later analyzed using recordings of the GFTA-3. Results: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 each identified Navajo children with SSD at 100% accuracy. However, the GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 classified TD Navajo children as having SSD 83% of the time while only accurately classifying TD Navajo children as TD with 17% accuracy. Based on the ROC, a recommended cutoff score of the GFTA-3 and KLPA-3 to distinguish Navajo children with and without SSD was not established; rather, the four-criterion classification system is preferred. Conclusion: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 standard scores do not accurately classify Navajo children with and without SSDs. |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 1092-4388 1558-9102 |
| DOI: | 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00021 |
