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Navajo Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders

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Title: Navajo Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders
Language: English
Authors: Davis E. Henderson (ORCID 0009-0003-5553-2602), Anna Sosa
Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2026 69(2):430-447.
Availability: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: slhr@asha.org; Web site: http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 18
Publication Date: 2026
Sponsoring Agency: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) (DHHS/NIH)
Contract Number: U54MD012388
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Navajo (Nation), Navajo, Articulation (Speech), Classification, Speech Impairments, Young Children, Speech Therapy, Individualized Education Programs, Phonological Awareness, Phonemes, Interference (Language), Bilingualism
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation
DOI: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00021
ISSN: 1092-4388
1558-9102
Abstract: Purpose: This study examined whether the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation--Third Edition (GFTA-3) and the Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis--Third Edition (KLPA-3) accurately classify Navajo children with typically developing (TD) speech or with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method: Twenty-four Navajo children between the ages of 5;00 and 7;11 were classified as either having an SSD (n = 12) or TD (n = 12) based on a four-criterion framework: (a) a parent questionnaire addressing the child's speech development, (b) a teacher questionnaire addressing the student's speech sound development, (c) elicitation of a generated story speech sample, and (d) documentation of whether or not the child receives school-based speech services as outlined in their Individualized Education Plan. Participants completed the GFTA-3, a standardized speech assessment that targets phonemes within a picture-naming task. The KLPA-3, which analyzes the use of typical phonological process(es), was then later analyzed using recordings of the GFTA-3. Results: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 each identified Navajo children with SSD at 100% accuracy. However, the GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 classified TD Navajo children as having SSD 83% of the time while only accurately classifying TD Navajo children as TD with 17% accuracy. Based on the ROC, a recommended cutoff score of the GFTA-3 and KLPA-3 to distinguish Navajo children with and without SSD was not established; rather, the four-criterion classification system is preferred. Conclusion: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 standard scores do not accurately classify Navajo children with and without SSDs.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1497135
Database: ERIC
FullText Links:
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PubType: Academic Journal
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IllustrationInfo
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  Data: Navajo Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders
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  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Davis+E%2E+Henderson%22">Davis E. Henderson</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5553-2602">0009-0003-5553-2602</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anna+Sosa%22">Anna Sosa</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language%2C+and+Hearing+Research%22"><i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research</i></searchLink>. 2026 69(2):430-447.
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  Data: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: slhr@asha.org; Web site: http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org
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  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
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  Data: 18
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
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  Data: 2026
– Name: SourceSuprt
  Label: Sponsoring Agency
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  Data: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) (DHHS/NIH)
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  Data: U54MD012388
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Navajo+%28Nation%29%22">Navajo (Nation)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Navajo%22">Navajo</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Articulation+%28Speech%29%22">Articulation (Speech)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Classification%22">Classification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech+Impairments%22">Speech Impairments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Children%22">Young Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech+Therapy%22">Speech Therapy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individualized+Education+Programs%22">Individualized Education Programs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonological+Awareness%22">Phonological Awareness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonemes%22">Phonemes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interference+%28Language%29%22">Interference (Language)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bilingualism%22">Bilingualism</searchLink>
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  Label: Assessment and Survey Identifiers
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Goldman+Fristoe+Test+of+Articulation%22">Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
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  Data: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00021
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 1092-4388<br />1558-9102
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: This study examined whether the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation--Third Edition (GFTA-3) and the Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis--Third Edition (KLPA-3) accurately classify Navajo children with typically developing (TD) speech or with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method: Twenty-four Navajo children between the ages of 5;00 and 7;11 were classified as either having an SSD (n = 12) or TD (n = 12) based on a four-criterion framework: (a) a parent questionnaire addressing the child's speech development, (b) a teacher questionnaire addressing the student's speech sound development, (c) elicitation of a generated story speech sample, and (d) documentation of whether or not the child receives school-based speech services as outlined in their Individualized Education Plan. Participants completed the GFTA-3, a standardized speech assessment that targets phonemes within a picture-naming task. The KLPA-3, which analyzes the use of typical phonological process(es), was then later analyzed using recordings of the GFTA-3. Results: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 each identified Navajo children with SSD at 100% accuracy. However, the GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 classified TD Navajo children as having SSD 83% of the time while only accurately classifying TD Navajo children as TD with 17% accuracy. Based on the ROC, a recommended cutoff score of the GFTA-3 and KLPA-3 to distinguish Navajo children with and without SSD was not established; rather, the four-criterion classification system is preferred. Conclusion: The GFTA-3 and the KLPA-3 standard scores do not accurately classify Navajo children with and without SSDs.
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  Data: As Provided
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1497135
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00021
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 430
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Navajo (Nation)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Navajo
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Articulation (Speech)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Classification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speech Impairments
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      – SubjectFull: Young Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speech Therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Individualized Education Programs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phonological Awareness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phonemes
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      – SubjectFull: Interference (Language)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bilingualism
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      – SubjectFull: Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Navajo Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders
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            NameFull: Davis E. Henderson
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            NameFull: Anna Sosa
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              Y: 2026
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