Specific Negative Outcomes of Bullying or Victimization Forms on Psychological Adjustment
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| Title: | Specific Negative Outcomes of Bullying or Victimization Forms on Psychological Adjustment |
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| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Adam Klocek (ORCID |
| Source: | Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 2026 34(2):63-77. |
| Availability: | SAGE Publications and Hammill Institute on Disabilities. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 15 |
| Publication Date: | 2026 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Research |
| Education Level: | Elementary Education Grade 6 Intermediate Grades Middle Schools Grade 7 Junior High Schools Secondary Education Grade 8 |
| Descriptors: | Foreign Countries, Bullying, Victims, Behavior Problems, Mental Health, Verbal Communication, Aggression, Peer Acceptance, Computer Mediated Communication, Self Esteem, Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 8, Early Adolescents, Individual Characteristics, Depression (Psychology), Anxiety |
| Geographic Terms: | Czech Republic |
| Assessment and Survey Identifiers: | Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale |
| DOI: | 10.1177/10634266261417596 |
| ISSN: | 1063-4266 1538-4799 |
| Abstract: | Models that distinguish between specific forms of bullying offer a deeper understanding than unidimensional approaches. Yet the distinct negative outcomes associated with each form during adolescence remain underexplored. This Czech study applies psychological network analysis (Gaussian graphical model) to examine cross-sectional links between bullying and victimization (physical, verbal, rumor-spreading, exclusion, and cyber), internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, social phobia, low self-esteem), and externalizing problems. Adolescents (N = 1,519; M[subscript age] = 12.5 yrs.) from 18 schools completed self-reports at two time points (3 months apart). Network models were estimated separately for each wave. The analysis showed that bullying and victimization overlapped most in verbal and physical forms, less so in rumor-spreading, peer exclusion, and cyber forms. Victimization types were linked to distinct psychological outcomes: physical victimization to self-related worries, verbal victimization to feelings of worthlessness, peer exclusion to sadness, rumor-spreading to social anxiety and appetite problems, and cyber victimization to social phobia and low self-esteem. Prevention and intervention efforts should focus particularly on verbal and rumor-spreading bullying, which were central in the networks. Support for victimized students should address feelings of worthlessness and the specific harms tied to each victimization experience. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2026 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1506038 |
| Database: | ERIC |
| Abstract: | Models that distinguish between specific forms of bullying offer a deeper understanding than unidimensional approaches. Yet the distinct negative outcomes associated with each form during adolescence remain underexplored. This Czech study applies psychological network analysis (Gaussian graphical model) to examine cross-sectional links between bullying and victimization (physical, verbal, rumor-spreading, exclusion, and cyber), internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, social phobia, low self-esteem), and externalizing problems. Adolescents (N = 1,519; M[subscript age] = 12.5 yrs.) from 18 schools completed self-reports at two time points (3 months apart). Network models were estimated separately for each wave. The analysis showed that bullying and victimization overlapped most in verbal and physical forms, less so in rumor-spreading, peer exclusion, and cyber forms. Victimization types were linked to distinct psychological outcomes: physical victimization to self-related worries, verbal victimization to feelings of worthlessness, peer exclusion to sadness, rumor-spreading to social anxiety and appetite problems, and cyber victimization to social phobia and low self-esteem. Prevention and intervention efforts should focus particularly on verbal and rumor-spreading bullying, which were central in the networks. Support for victimized students should address feelings of worthlessness and the specific harms tied to each victimization experience. |
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| ISSN: | 1063-4266 1538-4799 |
| DOI: | 10.1177/10634266261417596 |
