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Specific Negative Outcomes of Bullying or Victimization Forms on Psychological Adjustment

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Title: Specific Negative Outcomes of Bullying or Victimization Forms on Psychological Adjustment
Language: English
Authors: Adam Klocek (ORCID 0000-0002-0797-4890), Lenka Kollerová (ORCID 0000-0002-1050-454X), Ivan Ropovik (ORCID 0000-0001-5222-1233), Tomáš Lintner (ORCID 0000-0002-1448-4064)
Source: Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 2026 34(2):63-77.
Availability: SAGE Publications and Hammill Institute on Disabilities. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Grade 6
Intermediate Grades
Middle Schools
Grade 7
Junior High Schools
Secondary Education
Grade 8
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Bullying, Victims, Behavior Problems, Mental Health, Verbal Communication, Aggression, Peer Acceptance, Computer Mediated Communication, Self Esteem, Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 8, Early Adolescents, Individual Characteristics, Depression (Psychology), Anxiety
Geographic Terms: Czech Republic
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale
DOI: 10.1177/10634266261417596
ISSN: 1063-4266
1538-4799
Abstract: Models that distinguish between specific forms of bullying offer a deeper understanding than unidimensional approaches. Yet the distinct negative outcomes associated with each form during adolescence remain underexplored. This Czech study applies psychological network analysis (Gaussian graphical model) to examine cross-sectional links between bullying and victimization (physical, verbal, rumor-spreading, exclusion, and cyber), internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, social phobia, low self-esteem), and externalizing problems. Adolescents (N = 1,519; M[subscript age] = 12.5 yrs.) from 18 schools completed self-reports at two time points (3 months apart). Network models were estimated separately for each wave. The analysis showed that bullying and victimization overlapped most in verbal and physical forms, less so in rumor-spreading, peer exclusion, and cyber forms. Victimization types were linked to distinct psychological outcomes: physical victimization to self-related worries, verbal victimization to feelings of worthlessness, peer exclusion to sadness, rumor-spreading to social anxiety and appetite problems, and cyber victimization to social phobia and low self-esteem. Prevention and intervention efforts should focus particularly on verbal and rumor-spreading bullying, which were central in the networks. Support for victimized students should address feelings of worthlessness and the specific harms tied to each victimization experience.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1506038
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Specific Negative Outcomes of Bullying or Victimization Forms on Psychological Adjustment
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adam+Klocek%22">Adam Klocek</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0797-4890">0000-0002-0797-4890</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lenka+Kollerová%22">Lenka Kollerová</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-454X">0000-0002-1050-454X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ivan+Ropovik%22">Ivan Ropovik</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-1233">0000-0001-5222-1233</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tomáš+Lintner%22">Tomáš Lintner</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1448-4064">0000-0002-1448-4064</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Emotional+and+Behavioral+Disorders%22"><i>Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders</i></searchLink>. 2026 34(2):63-77.
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  Data: SAGE Publications and Hammill Institute on Disabilities. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 15
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+6%22">Grade 6</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Intermediate+Grades%22">Intermediate Grades</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Middle+Schools%22">Middle Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+7%22">Grade 7</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Junior+High+Schools%22">Junior High Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+8%22">Grade 8</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bullying%22">Bullying</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Victims%22">Victims</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Problems%22">Behavior Problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+Health%22">Mental Health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Verbal+Communication%22">Verbal Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aggression%22">Aggression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Peer+Acceptance%22">Peer Acceptance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Mediated+Communication%22">Computer Mediated Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Self+Esteem%22">Self Esteem</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+6%22">Grade 6</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+7%22">Grade 7</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+8%22">Grade 8</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Early+Adolescents%22">Early Adolescents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+Characteristics%22">Individual Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Depression+%28Psychology%29%22">Depression (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Czech+Republic%22">Czech Republic</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectThesaurus
  Label: Assessment and Survey Identifiers
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Rosenberg+Self+Esteem+Scale%22">Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale</searchLink>
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  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1177/10634266261417596
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 1063-4266<br />1538-4799
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Models that distinguish between specific forms of bullying offer a deeper understanding than unidimensional approaches. Yet the distinct negative outcomes associated with each form during adolescence remain underexplored. This Czech study applies psychological network analysis (Gaussian graphical model) to examine cross-sectional links between bullying and victimization (physical, verbal, rumor-spreading, exclusion, and cyber), internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, social phobia, low self-esteem), and externalizing problems. Adolescents (N = 1,519; M[subscript age] = 12.5 yrs.) from 18 schools completed self-reports at two time points (3 months apart). Network models were estimated separately for each wave. The analysis showed that bullying and victimization overlapped most in verbal and physical forms, less so in rumor-spreading, peer exclusion, and cyber forms. Victimization types were linked to distinct psychological outcomes: physical victimization to self-related worries, verbal victimization to feelings of worthlessness, peer exclusion to sadness, rumor-spreading to social anxiety and appetite problems, and cyber victimization to social phobia and low self-esteem. Prevention and intervention efforts should focus particularly on verbal and rumor-spreading bullying, which were central in the networks. Support for victimized students should address feelings of worthlessness and the specific harms tied to each victimization experience.
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  Data: As Provided
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1506038
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1506038
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        Value: 10.1177/10634266261417596
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 63
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bullying
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Victims
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavior Problems
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      – SubjectFull: Mental Health
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      – SubjectFull: Verbal Communication
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      – SubjectFull: Aggression
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      – SubjectFull: Peer Acceptance
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      – SubjectFull: Computer Mediated Communication
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      – SubjectFull: Self Esteem
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      – SubjectFull: Grade 6
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      – SubjectFull: Grade 7
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      – SubjectFull: Grade 8
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      – SubjectFull: Early Adolescents
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      – SubjectFull: Individual Characteristics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Depression (Psychology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
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      – SubjectFull: Czech Republic
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      – SubjectFull: Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale
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      – TitleFull: Specific Negative Outcomes of Bullying or Victimization Forms on Psychological Adjustment
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              Y: 2026
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