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Evaluating large language model-generated brain MRI protocols: performance of GPT4o, o3-mini, DeepSeek-R1 and Qwen2.5-72B.

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Title: Evaluating large language model-generated brain MRI protocols: performance of GPT4o, o3-mini, DeepSeek-R1 and Qwen2.5-72B.
Authors: Kim SH; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. suhwan.kim@tum.de.; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. suhwan.kim@tum.de., Schramm S; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Schmitzer L; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Serguen K; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Ziegelmayer S; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Busch F; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Komenda A; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Makowski MR; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Adams LC; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Bressem KK; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.; Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Zimmer C; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Kirschke J; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Wiestler B; AI for Image-Guided Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Hedderich D; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Finck T; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany., Bodden J; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Source: European radiology [Eur Radiol] 2026 Mar; Vol. 36 (3), pp. 1644-1655. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 03.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9114774 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1084 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09387994 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur Radiol Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kim+SH%22">Kim SH</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. suhwan.kim@tum.de.; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. suhwan.kim@tum.de.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schramm+S%22">Schramm S</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schmitzer+L%22">Schmitzer L</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Serguen+K%22">Serguen K</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ziegelmayer+S%22">Ziegelmayer S</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Busch+F%22">Busch F</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Komenda+A%22">Komenda A</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Makowski+MR%22">Makowski MR</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Adams+LC%22">Adams LC</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bressem+KK%22">Bressem KK</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.; Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zimmer+C%22">Zimmer C</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kirschke+J%22">Kirschke J</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wiestler+B%22">Wiestler B</searchLink>; AI for Image-Guided Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hedderich+D%22">Hedderich D</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Finck+T%22">Finck T</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bodden+J%22">Bodden J</searchLink>; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TUM University Hospital, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229114774%22">European radiology</searchLink> [Eur Radiol] 2026 Mar; Vol. 36 (3), pp. 1644-1655. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Sep 03.
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