Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903.
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| Title: | Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903. |
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| Authors: | Wilson TG; Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK., Simpson AM; Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA., Collier Cameron A; Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK., Cloutier R; Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Adibekyan V; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., John AA; Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK., Alibert Y; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Stalport M; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Egger JA; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Bonfanti A; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria., Billot N; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Guterman P; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France.; Division Technique Institute National Des Sciences De L'univers, La Seyne-sur-Mer, France., Maxted PFL; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK., Simon AE; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Sousa SG; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., Fridlund M; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden., Beck M; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Bekkelien A; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Salmon S; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Van Grootel V; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium., Fossati L; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria., Mustill AJ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden., Osborn HP; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA., Zingales T; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei,' Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.; Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Padova, Italy., Hooton MJ; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Affer L; Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Palermo, Italy., Aigrain S; Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Alonso R; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain., Anglada G; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Bellaterra, Spain.; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain., Antoniadis-Karnavas A; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., Bárczy T; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary., Barrado Navascues D; Departamento de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain., Barros SCC; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., Baumjohann W; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria., Beck T; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Benz W; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Biondi F; Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Padova, Italy.; Max Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching bei München, Germany., Bonfils X; L'Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France., Borsato L; Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Padova, Italy., Brandeker A; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden., Broeg C; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Buchhave LA; Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark., Buder M; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany., Cabrera J; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany., Carrazco Gaxiola S; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía, Ciudad de México, México.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.; Research Consortium On Nearby Stars Institute, Chambersburg, PA, USA., Charbonneau D; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Charnoz S; Institut de physique du globe de Paris, Université de Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France., Ciardi DR; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA., Collins KA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Collins KI; Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA., Cosentino R; Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Breña Baja, Spain.; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Catania, Italy., Csizmadia S; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany., Cubillos PE; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria.; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Pino Torinese, Italy., Dalal S; Department of Astrophysics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK., Damasso M; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Pino Torinese, Italy., Davenport JRA; Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA., Davies MB; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden., Deleuil M; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France., Delrez L; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium., Demangeon ODS; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., Demory BO; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., DiTomasso V; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Dragomir D; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA., Dressing CD; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA., Dumusque X; Département d'astronomie de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Ehrenreich D; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland.; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland., Erikson A; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany., Esparza-Borges E; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain., Fortier A; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Fukuda I; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., Fukui A; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., Gandolfi D; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy., Ghedina A; Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Breña Baja, Spain., Giacalone S; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA., Gill H; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA., Gillon M; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium., Gómez Maqueo Chew Y; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía, Ciudad de México, México., Güdel M; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Guerra P; Observatori Astronòmic Albanyà, Girona, Spain., Günther MN; European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands., Hara N; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Harutyunyan A; Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Breña Baja, Spain., Hayashi Y; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., Haywood RD; Department of Astrophysics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK., Holcomb R; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA., Horne K; Centre for Exoplanet Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK., Hoyer S; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France., Huang CX; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia., Ikoma M; Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan., Isaak KG; European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands., Jackman JAG; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA., Jenkins JM; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA., Jensen ELN; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA., Jontof-Hutter D; Department of Physics, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA., Kawai Y; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland., Kiss LL; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.; Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary., Lakeland BS; Department of Astrophysics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK., Laskar J; Institute for Celestial Mechanics and Computation of Ephemerides, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France., Latham DW; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Lecavelier des Etangs A; Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France., Leleu A; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Lendl M; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., de Leon J; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., Lienhard F; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., López-Morales M; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Lovis C; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Lund MB; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA., Luque R; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Magrin D; Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Padova, Italy., Malavolta L; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei,' Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy., Martínez Fiorenzano AF; Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Breña Baja, Spain., Mayo AW; Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA., Mayor M; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Mordasini C; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Mortier A; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Murgas F; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain., Narita N; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan., Nascimbeni V; Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Padova, Italy., Nicholson BA; Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia., Olofsson G; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden., Ottensamer R; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Pagano I; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Catania, Italy., Palethorpe L; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., Pallé E; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain., Parviainen H; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain., Pedani M; Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Breña Baja, Spain., Pepe FA; Département d'astronomie de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Peter G; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany., Pinamonti M; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Pino Torinese, Italy., Piotto G; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei,' Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.; Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Padova, Italy., Pollacco D; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK., Poretti E; Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Breña Baja, Spain.; Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Merate, Italy., Queloz D; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland., Quinn SN; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Ragazzoni R; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei,' Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.; Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Padova, Italy., Rando N; European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands., Rapetti D; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.; Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science, Universities Space Research Association, Washington, DC, USA., Ratti F; European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands., Rauer H; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany.; Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany., Rescigno F; Department of Astrophysics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK., Ribas I; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Bellaterra, Spain.; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain., Rice K; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., Ricker GR; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA., Robertson P; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA., de Roche T; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Sabin L; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, México., Santos NC; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., Sasselov DD; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Savel AB; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA., Scandariato G; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Catania, Italy., Schanche N; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA., Schroffenegger U; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Schwarz RP; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA., Seager S; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA., Sefako R; South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa., Ségransan D; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Shporer A; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA., Silva AM; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., Smith AMS; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany., Sozzetti A; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Pino Torinese, Italy., Steller M; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria., Szabó GM; Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary.; Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Eötvös Loránd University Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary., Tamura M; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan., Thomas N; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Tuson A; Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Udry S; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Vanderburg A; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA., Vanderspek RK; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA., Venturini J; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland., Verrecchia F; Space Science Data Center, Roma, Italy.; Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy., Walton NA; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Watson CA; Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK., Wells RD; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Winn JN; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA., Zambelli R; Società Astronomica Lunae, Castelnuovo Magra, Italy., Ziegler C; Department of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA. |
| Source: | Science (New York, N.Y.) [Science] 2026 Apr 16; Vol. 392 (6795), pp. eadl2348. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 16. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0404511 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-9203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00368075 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Science Subsets: MEDLINE; PubMed not MEDLINE |
| Database: | MEDLINE Ultimate |
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| ISSN: | 1095-9203 |
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| DOI: | 10.1126/science.adl2348 |
