Understanding Vascular Risks in Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injections: Insights From Anatomy and Clinical Evidence.

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Title: Understanding Vascular Risks in Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injections: Insights From Anatomy and Clinical Evidence.
Authors: Avellanal M; Pain Clinic, Hospital Universitario La Moraleja, Madrid, Spain., Riquelme I; Pain Clinic, Hospital Universitario La Moraleja, Madrid, Spain., Ferreiro A; CUHMED, School of Medicine, Madrid, and Department of Radiology, Madrid University Hospital, Madrid, Spain., Reina F; Grupo de Investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencias (NEOMA), Human Anatomy Unit, Facultat of Medicine, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Spain., Carrera A; Grupo de Investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencias (NEOMA), Human Anatomy Unit, Facultat of Medicine, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Spain., Tubbs RS; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, West Indies.; Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.; Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA., Boezaart AP; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.; Lumina Health, Surrey, UK., Reina MA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.; CEU-San Pablo University, School of Medicine, Madrid, and Department of Anesthesiology, Madrid-Montepríncipe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
Source: Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) [Clin Anat] 2026 Feb 27. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 27.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Alan R. Liss, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8809128 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1098-2353 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08973806 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Anat Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Understanding Vascular Risks in Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injections: Insights From Anatomy and Clinical Evidence.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Avellanal+M%22">Avellanal M</searchLink>; Pain Clinic, Hospital Universitario La Moraleja, Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Riquelme+I%22">Riquelme I</searchLink>; Pain Clinic, Hospital Universitario La Moraleja, Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ferreiro+A%22">Ferreiro A</searchLink>; CUHMED, School of Medicine, Madrid, and Department of Radiology, Madrid University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reina+F%22">Reina F</searchLink>; Grupo de Investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencias (NEOMA), Human Anatomy Unit, Facultat of Medicine, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Carrera+A%22">Carrera A</searchLink>; Grupo de Investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencias (NEOMA), Human Anatomy Unit, Facultat of Medicine, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tubbs+RS%22">Tubbs RS</searchLink>; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, West Indies.; Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.; Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Boezaart+AP%22">Boezaart AP</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.; Lumina Health, Surrey, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reina+MA%22">Reina MA</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.; CEU-San Pablo University, School of Medicine, Madrid, and Department of Anesthesiology, Madrid-Montepríncipe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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              Text: 2026 Feb 27
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