A meta-analysis of smoking and fracture risk to update the FRAX® tool.

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Title: A meta-analysis of smoking and fracture risk to update the FRAX® tool.
Authors: Schini M; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK., Johansson H; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK., Harvey NC; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK., Lorentzon M; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Region Västra Götaland, Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden., Liu E; College of Medicine and Public Health. , Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia., Vandenput L; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden., Leslie WD; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada., Åkesson KE; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden., Anderson FA; GLOW Coordinating Center, Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA., Azagra-Ledesma R; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Health Centre Badia del Valles, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain.; GROIMAP (Researchesearch Grouproup), Unitat de Suport a La Recerca, IDIAP Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain.; PRECIOSA Foundation for Research, Barberà del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain., Bager CL; Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark., Beaudart C; Public Health Aging Research & Epidemiology (PHARE) Group, Research Unit in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (URPC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium., Bischoff-Ferrari HA; Department of Aging Medicine, FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.; Centre On Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich and City Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland., Biver E; Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland., Bruyère O; Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium., Cauley JA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, USA., Center JR; Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Chapurlat R; INSERM UMR 1033, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France., Christiansen C; Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark., Cooper C; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Crandall CJ; Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Cummings SR; San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA., da Silva JAP; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.; Rheumatology Department, University Hospital and University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal., Dawson-Hughes B; Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA., Diez-Perez A; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar and CIBERFES, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Dufour AB; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerand, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA., Eisman JA; Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Elders PJM; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location AMC , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Ferrari S; Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland., Fujita Y; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan., Fujiwara S; Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan., Glüer CC; Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany., Goldshtein I; Maccabitech Institute of Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler, Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel., Goltzman D; Department of Medicine, McGill Universityand, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Canada., Gudnason V; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.; University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland., Hall J; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., Hans D; Centre of Bone Diseases, Bone and Joint Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland., Hoff M; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Department of Rheumatology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway., Hollick RJ; Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Epidemiology Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK., Huisman M; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Public Health, Ageing and Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Iki M; Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan., Ish-Shalom S; Endocrine Clinic, Elisha Hospital, Haifa, Israel., Jones G; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia., Karlsson MK; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden., Khosla S; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center On Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Kiel DP; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerand, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA., Koh WP; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; STAR Institute for Human Development and Potential, Singapore, Singapore., Koromani F; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Kotowicz MA; IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia., Kröger H; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Kwok T; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China.; Jockey Club Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China., Lamy O; Centre of Bone Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.; Service of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland., Langhammer A; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.; Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway., Larijani B; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Lippuner K; ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., McGuigan FEA; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden., Mellström D; Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden., Merlijn T; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location AMC , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Nguyen TV; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.; School of Population Health, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.; Tam Anh Research Institute, Tam Anh Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam., Nordström A; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.; School of Sport Sciences, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway., Nordström P; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden., Obermayer-Pietsch B; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria., Ohlsson C; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden., O'Neill TW; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.; Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK., Orwoll ES; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA., Pasco JA; Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia.; Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia., Rivadeneira F; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Schei B; Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Department of Gynecology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway., Schott AM; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, U INSERM 1290 RESHAPE, Lyon, France., Shiroma EJ; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute On Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA., Siggeirsdottir K; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.; Janus Rehabilitation, Reykjavik, Iceland., Simonsick EM; Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA., Sornay-Rendu E; INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France., Sund R; Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Swart KM; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location VUmc , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands., Szulc P; INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France., Tamaki J; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan., Torgerson DJ; York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK., van Schoor NM; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Public Health, Ageing and Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., van Staa TP; Centre for Health Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK., Vila J; Statistics Support Unit, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain., Wareham NJ; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Wright NC; Center for Health Outcomes, Implementation, Community-Engaged Sciences, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA., Yoshimura N; Department of Preventive Medicine for Locomotive Organ Disorders, 22, Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., Zillikens M; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Zwart M; Health Center Can Gibert del Plà, Catalan Institute of Health, Girona, Spain.; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.; GROICAP (Research Group), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain., Kanis JA; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK., McCloskey EV; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. e.v.mccloskey@sheffield.ac.uk.; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. e.v.mccloskey@sheffield.ac.uk.
Source: Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA [Osteoporos Int] 2026 Apr; Vol. 37 (4), pp. 839-855. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 04.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9100105 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1433-2965 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0937941X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Osteoporos Int Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
Description
ISSN:1433-2965
DOI:10.1007/s00198-026-07853-6