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A meta-analysis of smoking and fracture risk to update the FRAX® tool.

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Title: A meta-analysis of smoking and fracture risk to update the FRAX® tool.
Authors: Schini M; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK., Johansson H; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK., Harvey NC; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK., Lorentzon M; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Region Västra Götaland, Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden., Liu E; College of Medicine and Public Health. , Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia., Vandenput L; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden., Leslie WD; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada., Åkesson KE; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden., Anderson FA; GLOW Coordinating Center, Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA., Azagra-Ledesma R; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Health Centre Badia del Valles, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain.; GROIMAP (Researchesearch Grouproup), Unitat de Suport a La Recerca, IDIAP Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain.; PRECIOSA Foundation for Research, Barberà del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain., Bager CL; Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark., Beaudart C; Public Health Aging Research & Epidemiology (PHARE) Group, Research Unit in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (URPC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium., Bischoff-Ferrari HA; Department of Aging Medicine, FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.; Centre On Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich and City Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland., Biver E; Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland., Bruyère O; Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium., Cauley JA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, USA., Center JR; Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Chapurlat R; INSERM UMR 1033, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France., Christiansen C; Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark., Cooper C; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Crandall CJ; Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Cummings SR; San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA., da Silva JAP; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.; Rheumatology Department, University Hospital and University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal., Dawson-Hughes B; Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA., Diez-Perez A; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar and CIBERFES, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Dufour AB; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerand, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA., Eisman JA; Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Elders PJM; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location AMC , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Ferrari S; Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland., Fujita Y; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan., Fujiwara S; Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan., Glüer CC; Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany., Goldshtein I; Maccabitech Institute of Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler, Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel., Goltzman D; Department of Medicine, McGill Universityand, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Canada., Gudnason V; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.; University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland., Hall J; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., Hans D; Centre of Bone Diseases, Bone and Joint Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland., Hoff M; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Department of Rheumatology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway., Hollick RJ; Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Epidemiology Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK., Huisman M; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Public Health, Ageing and Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Iki M; Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan., Ish-Shalom S; Endocrine Clinic, Elisha Hospital, Haifa, Israel., Jones G; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia., Karlsson MK; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden., Khosla S; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center On Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Kiel DP; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerand, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA., Koh WP; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; STAR Institute for Human Development and Potential, Singapore, Singapore., Koromani F; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Kotowicz MA; IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia., Kröger H; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Kwok T; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China.; Jockey Club Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China., Lamy O; Centre of Bone Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.; Service of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland., Langhammer A; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.; Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway., Larijani B; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Lippuner K; ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., McGuigan FEA; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden., Mellström D; Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden., Merlijn T; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location AMC , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Nguyen TV; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.; School of Population Health, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.; Tam Anh Research Institute, Tam Anh Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam., Nordström A; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.; School of Sport Sciences, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway., Nordström P; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden., Obermayer-Pietsch B; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria., Ohlsson C; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden., O'Neill TW; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.; Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK., Orwoll ES; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA., Pasco JA; Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia.; Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia., Rivadeneira F; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Schei B; Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Department of Gynecology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway., Schott AM; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, U INSERM 1290 RESHAPE, Lyon, France., Shiroma EJ; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute On Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA., Siggeirsdottir K; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.; Janus Rehabilitation, Reykjavik, Iceland., Simonsick EM; Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA., Sornay-Rendu E; INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France., Sund R; Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland., Swart KM; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location VUmc , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands., Szulc P; INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France., Tamaki J; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan., Torgerson DJ; York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK., van Schoor NM; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Public Health, Ageing and Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., van Staa TP; Centre for Health Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK., Vila J; Statistics Support Unit, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain., Wareham NJ; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Wright NC; Center for Health Outcomes, Implementation, Community-Engaged Sciences, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA., Yoshimura N; Department of Preventive Medicine for Locomotive Organ Disorders, 22, Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., Zillikens M; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Zwart M; Health Center Can Gibert del Plà, Catalan Institute of Health, Girona, Spain.; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.; GROICAP (Research Group), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain., Kanis JA; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK., McCloskey EV; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. e.v.mccloskey@sheffield.ac.uk.; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. e.v.mccloskey@sheffield.ac.uk.
Source: Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA [Osteoporos Int] 2026 Apr; Vol. 37 (4), pp. 839-855. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 04.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9100105 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1433-2965 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0937941X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Osteoporos Int Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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Items – Name: Title
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  Data: A meta-analysis of smoking and fracture risk to update the FRAX® tool.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schini+M%22">Schini M</searchLink>; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Johansson+H%22">Johansson H</searchLink>; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Harvey+NC%22">Harvey NC</searchLink>; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lorentzon+M%22">Lorentzon M</searchLink>; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Region Västra Götaland, Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+E%22">Liu E</searchLink>; College of Medicine and Public Health. , Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vandenput+L%22">Vandenput L</searchLink>; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Leslie+WD%22">Leslie WD</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Åkesson+KE%22">Åkesson KE</searchLink>; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Anderson+FA%22">Anderson FA</searchLink>; GLOW Coordinating Center, Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Azagra-Ledesma+R%22">Azagra-Ledesma R</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; Health Centre Badia del Valles, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain.; GROIMAP (Researchesearch Grouproup), Unitat de Suport a La Recerca, IDIAP Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain.; PRECIOSA Foundation for Research, Barberà del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bager+CL%22">Bager CL</searchLink>; Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Beaudart+C%22">Beaudart C</searchLink>; Public Health Aging Research & Epidemiology (PHARE) Group, Research Unit in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (URPC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bischoff-Ferrari+HA%22">Bischoff-Ferrari HA</searchLink>; Department of Aging Medicine, FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.; Centre On Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich and City Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Biver+E%22">Biver E</searchLink>; Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bruyère+O%22">Bruyère O</searchLink>; Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cauley+JA%22">Cauley JA</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Center+JR%22">Center JR</searchLink>; Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chapurlat+R%22">Chapurlat R</searchLink>; INSERM UMR 1033, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Christiansen+C%22">Christiansen C</searchLink>; Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cooper+C%22">Cooper C</searchLink>; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Crandall+CJ%22">Crandall CJ</searchLink>; Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cummings+SR%22">Cummings SR</searchLink>; San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22da+Silva+JAP%22">da Silva JAP</searchLink>; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.; Rheumatology Department, University Hospital and University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dawson-Hughes+B%22">Dawson-Hughes B</searchLink>; Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Diez-Perez+A%22">Diez-Perez A</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar and CIBERFES, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dufour+AB%22">Dufour AB</searchLink>; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerand, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Eisman+JA%22">Eisman JA</searchLink>; Skeletal Diseases Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Elders+PJM%22">Elders PJM</searchLink>; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location AMC , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ferrari+S%22">Ferrari S</searchLink>; Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fujita+Y%22">Fujita Y</searchLink>; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fujiwara+S%22">Fujiwara S</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Glüer+CC%22">Glüer CC</searchLink>; Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Goldshtein+I%22">Goldshtein I</searchLink>; Maccabitech Institute of Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler, Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Goltzman+D%22">Goltzman D</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, McGill Universityand, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gudnason+V%22">Gudnason V</searchLink>; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.; University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hall+J%22">Hall J</searchLink>; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hans+D%22">Hans D</searchLink>; Centre of Bone Diseases, Bone and Joint Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hoff+M%22">Hoff M</searchLink>; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Department of Rheumatology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hollick+RJ%22">Hollick RJ</searchLink>; Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Epidemiology Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Huisman+M%22">Huisman M</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Public Health, Ageing and Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Iki+M%22">Iki M</searchLink>; Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ish-Shalom+S%22">Ish-Shalom S</searchLink>; Endocrine Clinic, Elisha Hospital, Haifa, Israel.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jones+G%22">Jones G</searchLink>; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Karlsson+MK%22">Karlsson MK</searchLink>; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khosla+S%22">Khosla S</searchLink>; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center On Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kiel+DP%22">Kiel DP</searchLink>; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerand, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Koh+WP%22">Koh WP</searchLink>; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; STAR Institute for Human Development and Potential, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Koromani+F%22">Koromani F</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kotowicz+MA%22">Kotowicz MA</searchLink>; IMPACT (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kröger+H%22">Kröger H</searchLink>; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kwok+T%22">Kwok T</searchLink>; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China.; Jockey Club Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lamy+O%22">Lamy O</searchLink>; Centre of Bone Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.; Service of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Langhammer+A%22">Langhammer A</searchLink>; HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.; Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Larijani+B%22">Larijani B</searchLink>; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lippuner+K%22">Lippuner K</searchLink>; ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McGuigan+FEA%22">McGuigan FEA</searchLink>; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mellström+D%22">Mellström D</searchLink>; Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Merlijn+T%22">Merlijn T</searchLink>; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location AMC , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nguyen+TV%22">Nguyen TV</searchLink>; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.; School of Population Health, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia.; Tam Anh Research Institute, Tam Anh Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nordström+A%22">Nordström A</searchLink>; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.; School of Sport Sciences, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nordström+P%22">Nordström P</searchLink>; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Obermayer-Pietsch+B%22">Obermayer-Pietsch B</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ohlsson+C%22">Ohlsson C</searchLink>; Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22O'Neill+TW%22">O'Neill TW</searchLink>; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.; Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Orwoll+ES%22">Orwoll ES</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pasco+JA%22">Pasco JA</searchLink>; Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.; Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia.; Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rivadeneira+F%22">Rivadeneira F</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schei+B%22">Schei B</searchLink>; Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Department of Gynecology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schott+AM%22">Schott AM</searchLink>; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, U INSERM 1290 RESHAPE, Lyon, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shiroma+EJ%22">Shiroma EJ</searchLink>; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute On Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Siggeirsdottir+K%22">Siggeirsdottir K</searchLink>; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.; Janus Rehabilitation, Reykjavik, Iceland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Simonsick+EM%22">Simonsick EM</searchLink>; Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sornay-Rendu+E%22">Sornay-Rendu E</searchLink>; INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sund+R%22">Sund R</searchLink>; Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Swart+KM%22">Swart KM</searchLink>; Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, UMC, Location VUmc , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Szulc+P%22">Szulc P</searchLink>; INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tamaki+J%22">Tamaki J</searchLink>; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Torgerson+DJ%22">Torgerson DJ</searchLink>; York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+Schoor+NM%22">van Schoor NM</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Public Health, Ageing and Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+Staa+TP%22">van Staa TP</searchLink>; Centre for Health Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vila+J%22">Vila J</searchLink>; Statistics Support Unit, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wareham+NJ%22">Wareham NJ</searchLink>; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wright+NC%22">Wright NC</searchLink>; Center for Health Outcomes, Implementation, Community-Engaged Sciences, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yoshimura+N%22">Yoshimura N</searchLink>; Department of Preventive Medicine for Locomotive Organ Disorders, 22, Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zillikens+M%22">Zillikens M</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zwart+M%22">Zwart M</searchLink>; Health Center Can Gibert del Plà, Catalan Institute of Health, Girona, Spain.; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.; GROICAP (Research Group), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kanis+JA%22">Kanis JA</searchLink>; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McCloskey+EV%22">McCloskey EV</searchLink>; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. e.v.mccloskey@sheffield.ac.uk.; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. e.v.mccloskey@sheffield.ac.uk.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229100105%22">Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA</searchLink> [Osteoporos Int] 2026 Apr; Vol. 37 (4), pp. 839-855. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Mar 04.
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  Data: Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer+International%22">Springer International </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>9100105 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1433-2965 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%220937941X%22">0937941X </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Osteoporos Int <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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      – TitleFull: A meta-analysis of smoking and fracture risk to update the FRAX® tool.
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              Text: 2026 Apr
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 37
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              Value: 4
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            – TitleFull: Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
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