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Screening for high-risk drinking and alcohol use disorder: update of the 2023 national clinical practice guideline.

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Title: Screening for high-risk drinking and alcohol use disorder: update of the 2023 national clinical practice guideline.
Authors: Wood E; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. crism@bccsu.ubc.ca., Wong SC; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Corace K; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Martell D; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Barker B; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., de Montigny C; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Hodgins DC; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Poulin G; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Halpape K; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Le Foll B; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Lim R; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Brosseau A; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Henry R; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Marsh DC; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Cowan N; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Teed R; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Johnson C; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Brunelle C; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Graham B; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Rehm J; Department of Medicine (Wood, Wong), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Wood, Wong, Johnson), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Corace), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Corace); Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Corace, Barker), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Martell), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Addiction Medicine Department (de Montigny), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Psychology (Hodgins), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Poulin), Max Rady College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Halpape), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Le Foll), University of Toronto; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research (Le Foll, Rehm), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ont.; University of Calgary (Lim), Calgary, Alta.; Cool Aid Community Health Centre & Victoria Native Friendship Centre (Brosseau), Victoria, BC; Department of Indigenous Studies (Henry), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Marsh); Health Sciences North Research Institute (Marsh), Sudbury, Ont.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Cowan), Vancouver, BC; Drug Class Program (Teed), Craven, Sask.; Department of Psychology (Brunelle), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB; BC Centre for Disease Control (Graham), Vancouver, BC; Department of Psychiatry (Rehm), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
Source: CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne [CMAJ] 2026 May 03; Vol. 198 (17), pp. E655-E665. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 03.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Practice Guideline; Systematic Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Canadian Medical Association Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 9711805 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1488-2329 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 08203946 NLM ISO Abbreviation: CMAJ Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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ISSN:1488-2329
DOI:10.1503/cmaj.251759