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Passive mapping of hand motor cortex across altered states of consciousness.

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Title: Passive mapping of hand motor cortex across altered states of consciousness.
Authors: Tong, Yusheng (AUTHOR), Fan, Zhen (AUTHOR), Zou, Xiang (AUTHOR), Yue, Qi (AUTHOR), Wu, Zehan (AUTHOR), Chen, Liang (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Neuroscience. Feb2026, Vol. 136 Issue 2, p140-150. 11p.
Subjects: Motor cortex, Consciousness, Neurophysiology, Craniotomy, Electroencephalography, Median nerve, Sensitivity analysis
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the ability of median nerve stimulation (MNS)-induced high gamma band (HGB) activity in mapping the hand motor cortex at different states of consciousness. Methods: Five patients undergoing awake craniotomy were recruited. MNS-induced electrocorticographic signals were recorded from awake to anesthetic states, with the loss of consciousness (LOC) session divided into three stages (LOC1, LOC2, and LOC3) based on conscious level. HGB signals were analyzed to localize hand motor cortex. Linear models were applied to analyze HGB dynamics during LOC. Results: The sensitivity of hand motor cortex mapping based on HGB average envelope at short-latency period was 100%, 96.67%±3.33%, 83.47%±8.19%, and 82.22%±11.44% for the awake, LOC1, LOC2 and LOC3 stages. The sensitivity for HGB average envelope at long-latency period was 92.67%±4.52%, 90.85%±4.13%, 72.27%±17.07%, and 40.53%±12.82% across the same stages. The sensitivity based on HGB average power at short-latency period decreased from 100% in awake stage to 72.83%±12.95%, 48.11%±15.95%, and 21.12%±5.70% across LOC stages. The sensitivity for HGB average power at long-latency period dropped from 92.67%±4.52% in awake stage to 70.94%±10.79%, 58.37%±17.49%, and 25.71%±14.95% in the subsequent LOC stages. The slope coefficient of the simple linear model for long-latency average envelope was significantly smaller than that for short-latency. In the linear mixed effects model, the Condition × Sliding Window estimate coefficient was −0.794. Conclusion: In awake state, HGB average envelope and average power both effectively localized hand motor cortex. With declining consciousness, the mapping ability of average power significantly deteriorated, while the mapping ability of short-latency average envelope remained relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Passive mapping of hand motor cortex across altered states of consciousness.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tong%2C+Yusheng%22">Tong, Yusheng</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fan%2C+Zhen%22">Fan, Zhen</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zou%2C+Xiang%22">Zou, Xiang</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yue%2C+Qi%22">Yue, Qi</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Zehan%22">Wu, Zehan</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Liang%22">Chen, Liang</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Neuroscience%22">International Journal of Neuroscience</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 136 Issue 2, p140-150. 11p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motor+cortex%22">Motor cortex</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Consciousness%22">Consciousness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurophysiology%22">Neurophysiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Craniotomy%22">Craniotomy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electroencephalography%22">Electroencephalography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Median+nerve%22">Median nerve</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensitivity+analysis%22">Sensitivity analysis</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective: To evaluate the ability of median nerve stimulation (MNS)-induced high gamma band (HGB) activity in mapping the hand motor cortex at different states of consciousness. Methods: Five patients undergoing awake craniotomy were recruited. MNS-induced electrocorticographic signals were recorded from awake to anesthetic states, with the loss of consciousness (LOC) session divided into three stages (LOC1, LOC2, and LOC3) based on conscious level. HGB signals were analyzed to localize hand motor cortex. Linear models were applied to analyze HGB dynamics during LOC. Results: The sensitivity of hand motor cortex mapping based on HGB average envelope at short-latency period was 100%, 96.67%±3.33%, 83.47%±8.19%, and 82.22%±11.44% for the awake, LOC1, LOC2 and LOC3 stages. The sensitivity for HGB average envelope at long-latency period was 92.67%±4.52%, 90.85%±4.13%, 72.27%±17.07%, and 40.53%±12.82% across the same stages. The sensitivity based on HGB average power at short-latency period decreased from 100% in awake stage to 72.83%±12.95%, 48.11%±15.95%, and 21.12%±5.70% across LOC stages. The sensitivity for HGB average power at long-latency period dropped from 92.67%±4.52% in awake stage to 70.94%±10.79%, 58.37%±17.49%, and 25.71%±14.95% in the subsequent LOC stages. The slope coefficient of the simple linear model for long-latency average envelope was significantly smaller than that for short-latency. In the linear mixed effects model, the Condition × Sliding Window estimate coefficient was −0.794. Conclusion: In awake state, HGB average envelope and average power both effectively localized hand motor cortex. With declining consciousness, the mapping ability of average power significantly deteriorated, while the mapping ability of short-latency average envelope remained relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/00207454.2025.2496821
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 140
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Motor cortex
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Consciousness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neurophysiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Craniotomy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electroencephalography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Median nerve
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensitivity analysis
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Passive mapping of hand motor cortex across altered states of consciousness.
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            NameFull: Tong, Yusheng
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            NameFull: Fan, Zhen
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              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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