Occupational determinants of anxiety, depression, and stress among community pharmacists in Jordan: a cross-sectional study.
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| Title: | Occupational determinants of anxiety, depression, and stress among community pharmacists in Jordan: a cross-sectional study. |
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| Authors: | Jarab, Anan S. (AUTHOR), Al-Qerem, Walid (AUTHOR), Al Meslamani, Ahmad Z. (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Psychology, Health & Medicine. Jun2026, Vol. 31 Issue 5, p1231-1247. 17p. |
| Subjects: | Community health services, Cross-sectional method, Scale analysis (Psychology), Cronbach's alpha, Data analysis, Mental illness, Questionnaires, Statistical sampling, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Anxiety, Disease prevalence, Descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U Test, Psychological stress, Pharmacists, Job descriptions, Statistics, Confidence intervals, Data analysis software, Mental depression, Psychosocial factors, Demography, Social stigma, Regression analysis, Employees' workload, Shift systems |
| Geographic Terms: | Jordan |
| Abstract: | Mental-health burdens among pharmacists are a growing concern worldwide. Data from Jordan, however, remain sparse. The study objective was to quantify anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among Jordanian community pharmacists and to identify modifiable occupational determinants of these outcomes. In this cross-sectional study, research pharmacists distributed a validated questionnaire in person by sharing a survey link via Google Forms with licensed community pharmacists in their residential areas using convenience sampling. Validated Arabic versions of the GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PSS-10 scales were used to assess anxiety, depression, and stress, respectively. Independent variables included demographic and occupational characteristics, as well as perceived stigma and benefits adequacy. A quantile regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors associated with the GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PSS-10 scores. Three hundred ninety-one pharmacists (73.4% female; median age 29 years) participated in the study. Median (IQR) scores were GAD-7 = 9 (6–11), PHQ-9 = 10 (8–13), PSS-10 = 17 (14–19). The most common conditions were mild anxiety (46.3%), moderate depression (40.4%), and moderate stress (77.7%). Higher unadjusted symptom ratings were linked to fixed overtime, night or rotating shifts, inadequate benefits, and doctorate (PhD) training (all p < 0.05). On the other hand, all three scales showed an inverse relationship with higher patient throughput (ρ = –0.15 to −0.21, p < 0.01). Each additional year of age raised median GAD-7 by 0.11 points (β = 0.113, 95% CI 0.035–0.192) in fully adjusted models, whereas each new patient decreased median PHQ-9 by 0.011 and PSS-10 by 0.012 points (both p = 0.001). In conclusion, Jordanian community pharmacists in this study experience mild-to moderate anxiety, depression, and stress. High patient flow may shield practitioners from financial instability and enhance professional engagement, while older age, nocturnal or rotational shifts, frequent overtime, inadequate benefits, and perceived stigma worsen symptoms. KEY POINTS HIGHLIGHTS: A significant portion of Jordanian community pharmacists experience mental health concerns, with nearly half reporting symptoms of anxiety and moderate levels of depression andstress. Night shifts, frequent overtime, and inadequate job benefits are associated with worsened mental health outcomes, indicating the need for improved working conditions. Older pharmacists are more likelyto report higher anxiety levels, suggesting targeted mental health support maybe beneficial for this group. Greater patient volume is linkedto reduced stress and depression, possibly due to improved financial securityand job engagement. Policies promoting mental health screening, fair compensation, and balanced scheduling can support pharmacist well-being and healthcare quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Database: | Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection |
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| Abstract: | Mental-health burdens among pharmacists are a growing concern worldwide. Data from Jordan, however, remain sparse. The study objective was to quantify anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among Jordanian community pharmacists and to identify modifiable occupational determinants of these outcomes. In this cross-sectional study, research pharmacists distributed a validated questionnaire in person by sharing a survey link via Google Forms with licensed community pharmacists in their residential areas using convenience sampling. Validated Arabic versions of the GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PSS-10 scales were used to assess anxiety, depression, and stress, respectively. Independent variables included demographic and occupational characteristics, as well as perceived stigma and benefits adequacy. A quantile regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors associated with the GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PSS-10 scores. Three hundred ninety-one pharmacists (73.4% female; median age 29 years) participated in the study. Median (IQR) scores were GAD-7 = 9 (6–11), PHQ-9 = 10 (8–13), PSS-10 = 17 (14–19). The most common conditions were mild anxiety (46.3%), moderate depression (40.4%), and moderate stress (77.7%). Higher unadjusted symptom ratings were linked to fixed overtime, night or rotating shifts, inadequate benefits, and doctorate (PhD) training (all p < 0.05). On the other hand, all three scales showed an inverse relationship with higher patient throughput (ρ = –0.15 to −0.21, p < 0.01). Each additional year of age raised median GAD-7 by 0.11 points (β = 0.113, 95% CI 0.035–0.192) in fully adjusted models, whereas each new patient decreased median PHQ-9 by 0.011 and PSS-10 by 0.012 points (both p = 0.001). In conclusion, Jordanian community pharmacists in this study experience mild-to moderate anxiety, depression, and stress. High patient flow may shield practitioners from financial instability and enhance professional engagement, while older age, nocturnal or rotational shifts, frequent overtime, inadequate benefits, and perceived stigma worsen symptoms. KEY POINTS HIGHLIGHTS: A significant portion of Jordanian community pharmacists experience mental health concerns, with nearly half reporting symptoms of anxiety and moderate levels of depression andstress. Night shifts, frequent overtime, and inadequate job benefits are associated with worsened mental health outcomes, indicating the need for improved working conditions. Older pharmacists are more likelyto report higher anxiety levels, suggesting targeted mental health support maybe beneficial for this group. Greater patient volume is linkedto reduced stress and depression, possibly due to improved financial securityand job engagement. Policies promoting mental health screening, fair compensation, and balanced scheduling can support pharmacist well-being and healthcare quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 13548506 |
| DOI: | 10.1080/13548506.2025.2587972 |
